Diabetes mellitus is characterised by hyperglycaemia, lipidaemia and oxidative stress and predisposes affected individuals to long-term complications afflicting the eyes, skin, kidneys, nerves and blood vessels. Increased protein glycation and the subsequent build-up of tissue advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) contribute towards the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Protein glycation is accompanied by generation of free radicals through autoxidation of glucose and glycated proteins and via interaction of AGEs with their cell surface receptors (referred to as RAGE). Glycationderived free radicals can damage proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and contribute towards oxidative stress in diabetes. There is interest in compounds with anti-glycation activity as they may offer therapeutic potential in delaying or preventing the onset of diabetic complications. Although many different compounds are under study, only a few have successfully entered clinical trials but none have yet been approved for clinical use. Whilst the search for new synthetic inhibitors of glycation continues, little attention has been paid to anti-glycation compounds from natural sources. In the last few decades the traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global interest. Various studies have indicated that dietary supplementation with combined anti-glycation and antioxidant nutrients may be a safe and simple complement to traditional therapies targeting diabetic complications. Data for forty two plants/constituents studied for anti-glycation activity is presented in this review and some commonly used medicinal plants that possess anti-glycation activity are discussed in detail including their active ingredients, mechanism of action and therapeutic potential.

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Ethyl 2-(2-arylidene-1-alkylhydrazinyl)thiazole-4-carboxylates (1a -k) were synthesized by alkylation on HN-of ethyl 2-(2-arylidenehydrazinyl)thiazole-4-carboxylates. The proposed structures (1a -k) are corroborated by spectro-analytical techniques like UV, FT-IR, 1 H-, 13 C-NMR and HR-MS. All synthesized compounds were screened for their antiglycation and antioxidant assays. The in vitro antiglycation results revealed promising activity of compounds 1a, 1b, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1j and 1k with IC 50 values 0.0004 � 1.097-17.22 � 0.538 μM when compared to standard, aminoguanidine (IC 50 = 25.50 � 0.337 μM). Among all tested compounds 1j and 1k are the best antiglycating agents with IC 50 values 1.848 � 0.646 and 0.0004 � 1.097 μM, respectively. The in-silico studies also agree with these results where binding energy for 1j and 1k was found to be À 9.25 and À 8.42 kcal/mol with calculated dissociation constants of 0.16 and 0.67 μM, respectively. The antiglycation results demonstrate the application of these compounds in reducing diabetic complications.