These data challenge current thinking about the role of attention in stress responding. Attentional threat avoidance may reduce the acute impact of imminent threat, but this may come at a price in terms of an elevated risk for psychopathology.

In this article, we focus on applying methods of translational neuroscience to two-generation, family-based interventions. In recent years, a small but growing body of evidence has documented the reversibility of some of the neurobiological effects of early adversity in the context of environmental early interventions. Some of these interventions are now being implemented at scale, which may help reduce disparities in the face of early life stress. Further progress may occur by extending these efforts to two-generation models that target caregivers’ capabilities to improve children’s outcomes. In this article, we describe the content and processes of the Filming Interactions to Nurture Development (FIND) video coaching intervention. We also discuss the two-generation, translational neuroscience framework on which FIND is based, and how similar approaches can be developed and scaled to mitigate the effects of adversity.

Background We examined whether the temperament of behavioral inhibition is a significant marker for psychopathology in early adulthood and whether such risk is buffered by peer social networks. Methods Participants (N=165) were from a prospective study spanning the first 2 decades of life. Temperament was characterized during infancy and early childhood. Extent of involvement in peer social networks was measured during adolescence, and psychopathology was assessed in early adulthood. Latent Class Analyses generated comprehensive variables at each of three study time-points. Regressions assessed (a) the direct effect of early behavioral inhibition on adult psychopathology (b) the moderating effect of adolescent involvement in social peer networks on the link between temperamental risk and adult psychopathology. Results Stable behavioral inhibition in early childhood was negatively associated with adult mental health (R2=0.07, p=0.005, β = −0.26), specifically increasing risk for adult anxiety disorders (R2=0.04, p=0.037, β=0.19). These temperament-pathology relations were significantly moderated by adolescent peer group social involvement and network size (Total R2=0.13, p=0.027, β=−0.22). Temperament predicted heightened risk for adult anxiety when adolescent social involvement was low (p=0.002, β=0.43), but not when adolescent social involvement was high. Conclusions Stable behavioral inhibition throughout early childhood is a risk factor for adult anxiety disorders and interacts with adolescent social involvement to moderate risk. This is the first study to demonstrate the critical role of adolescent involvement in socially active networks in moderating long-lasting temperamental risk over the course of two decades, thus informing prevention/intervention approaches.

This pilot study suggests that biofeedback using TPU may serve as a complementary tool to coached maternal pushing during the second stage of labor, with obstetric as well as psychological benefits. Further studies are required to confirm our findings and define the optimal duration of the intervention. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.