Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine the efficacy of Silymarin in treating newly diagnosed cases of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), specifically with regard to glycemic control and insulin resistance. Study design: An observational, randomized, placebo- controlled study. Place and duration: Medicine department of Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital (ANTH), Islamabad for the duration from August 2021 to January 2022. Methods: The sixty individuals with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were chosen at random. There were a total of 60 patients, split evenly between 2 groups of 30. For 90 days, those in Group A took a silymarin capsule containing 200 mg, whereas those in Group B had a placebo capsule looking very similar to the real thing. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), random blood glucose (RBG), glycated haemoglobin A1C (A1C), fasting insulin (FI), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured before and after therapy. The data was examined after 90 days. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-20.0. If the probability value was less than 0.05, it was considered significant. The Chi-squared test was employed for statistical analysis. Results: Mean age of the patients of group A (silymarin) was 50.5 years while mean age of group B (controlled) patients was 51.0 years. In both the groups, females were more in numbers as 80% in silymarin group and 70% in controlled group. There was no significant difference showed on the basis of age, gender, BMI, education, family history and employment. Silymarin therapy for 12weeks improved the levels of RBG, RBG, HbA1c, FSI and HOMA-IR. A significant difference p-value<0.001 was showed in these variables between the two groups at baseline and after 90days treatment. Conclusion: The treatment of Silymarin supplementation of 200mg three time a day for newly diagnosed type II diabetic patients had a beneficial effect on improving the blood glucose levels and decreased insulin resistance as compared to standard treatment alone.
Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the ICU stay and mortality in vaccinated and non-vaccinated covid-19 patients. Study Design: A Retrospective/ Comparative study Place and Duration: The study was conducted in Medicine department of Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi, duration of six months from October 2020 to March 2021. Methods: Total 120 patients of both genders had coronavirus disease were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 22-80 years. Demographical details of patients including age, sex, body mass index, residency and socio-economic status were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients were admitted in COVID 19 ward. Chest X-rays of both groups were taken. There were 50 vaccinated patients in group I and 70 non-vaccinated patients in group II. Co-morbidities among both groups were assessed. Recovery and outcomes among both groups were calculated in terms of mortality and reduction in severity of disease. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0 version. Results: There were 80 (66.7%) patients were males (35 in group I and 45 in group II) and 40 (33.3%) were females (15 in group I and 25 in group II). Mean age of the vaccinated patients was 46.21 ±9.67 years with mean BMI 32.12 ±6.33 kg/m2 and in group II mean age was 45.13 ±21.54 years with mean BMI 33.11±11.37 kg/m2. 34 (68%) were educated in group I and in group II 35 (50%) patients were literate. Severity of disease among non-vaccinated patients was high found in 55 (78.6%) cases as compared to vaccinated cases 17 (34%). Co-morbidities were diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischaemic heart and chronic lung disease. Most of the patients 90 (75%) had bilateral lung involvement and interstitial infiltrates 105 (87.5%). Fever, cough and dyspnea were the most common symptom found in both groups. Recovery among patients of group I was greater 40 (80%) as compared to non-vaccinated 27 (38.6%). Frequency of poor outcomes hospitalization 9 (12.9%), ICU admission 11 (15.8%) and mortality 23 (32.9%) among non-vaccinated patients were significantly higher as compared to vaccinated patients in which hospitalization 2 (4%), ICU admission 3 (6%) and mortality was found in 5 (10%) cases. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, vaccination against coronavirus disease is both efficacious and beneficial in reducing disease severity. Except for this, immunization can reduce the frequency of poor outcomes (hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality), and individuals should be made aware of the importance of becoming vaccinated as soon as possible. Keywords: COVID 19, Vaccination, Pandemic, Mortality
Background: A stroke can either be modifiable or non-modifiable triggered by various risk factors. Globally, modifiable stroke could ignite in the form of diabetes, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and various heart diseases Aim: The present study intended to evaluate the prevalence of modifiable risk factors in stroke patients Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 182 stroke patients admitted to the Medicine Department of TCH name from January 2021 to October 2021. Clinically diagnosed stroke patients of age 20 years or above confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) were enrolled. Demographic details, previous medical history, and concerns investigation were gathered in pre-designed proforma. For data analysis, SPSS version 20 was used Results: The overall mean age of the 182stroke patients was 58.43±9.45 years with an age range from 20 years to 85years. Of the total 182 patients, 104 (57.1%) were male and 78 (42.9%) were female. The male to female ratio was 1.33:1. The prevalence of stroke types such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral infraction, and intracerebral hemorrhages was 4.5%, 58.4%, and 37.1% respectively. The incidence of risk factors such as ischemic heart disease, previous stroke, high cholesterol levels, smoking history, diabetes, and hypertension was 11 (6.04%), 18 (9.9%), 24 (13.2%), 33 (18.1%),38 (20.9%), and 113 (62.1%) respectively Conclusion: Our study found that hypertension is the major modifiable risk factor for stroke development followed by other risk factors such as diabetes, higher cholesterol levels, smoking history, and ischemic heart diseases. Also, it has been observed that stroke prevention is better than cure by identifying various risk factors and initiation of stroke prevention education. Controlling modifiable risk factors mitigate the mortality rate among stroke patients. Keywords: Ischemic Stroke; Modifiable Risk factors; Hemorrhagic Stroke
Background and Aim: Stroke is defined as the sudden onset of neurological deficits caused by vascular supply disruption to brain-specific region, contributing as a major factor for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Globally, approximately two-thirds cases of stroke are caused by hypertension as a major risk factor. The purpose of the current study was to determine the prevalence of stroke patients with newly diagnosed hypertension admitted to tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 205 stroke patients admitted to the Department of General Medicine, Benazir Bhutto Hospital and Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi from April 2021 to March 2022. Prior to study conduction, ethical approval was taken from the institute research and ethical committee. Written informed consent was obtained from each individual. All the participants underwent physical examination after using antihypertensive medication besides detailed history. Blood pressure was measured using standard mercury Sphygmomanometer. Patient having blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg was considered as hypertensive after measurement with difference of 10 minutes time span. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: The overall mean age was 59.6 ± 8.5 years. Of the total 205 stroke patients, there were 140 (68.3%) males and 65 (31.7%) females. Out of 205 patients, 60.5% were rural and 39.5% were urban. The literacy rate was 63.9%. Family history of smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension (HTN) among study population were found in 83 (40.5%), 76 (37.1%), and 71 (34.4%) respectively. Based on computed tomography presentations, the prevalence of newly diagnosed hypertension (HTN) was 122 (59.5%). Out of 122 newly diagnosed hypertensive stroke patients, the incidence of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic was 67 (54.9%) and 55 (45.1%) respectively. The mean value of diastolic and systolic blood pressure was 86.32 ± 12.62 and 125.59 ± 19.97 mm of Hg respectively. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the prevalence of newly diagnosed hypertension was found higher among stroke cases. Early diagnosis of hypertension by proper screening and effective treatment can reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by stroke and hypertension. Keywords: Hemorrhage, HTN, Ischemia, Stroke.
Background: The general atmosphere of the medical college is frequently seen as being extremely stressful; as a result, medical students' academic results suffer, as well as their physical and psychological health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate medical students' levels of anxiety about their future careers. Objectives: To exploring the level of anxiety among medical students during COVID-19 Pandemic Methods: It was a descriptive quantitative cross-sectional research. After receiving verbal approval from each student at the Fatima Jinnah Medical University in Lahore, the participants enrolled. The data was gathered using a pre-designed questionnaire. A VAS score was employed to assess anxiety levels. SPSS 23 was used to analyze data. To get the desired findings, a statistical test like the chi-square test was used, with a p-value of 0.05 being considered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that the mean age student was 20.33± 1.49 years with range from 19-27 years of 165 female medical students were enrolled. Maximum strength of 3rd professional year as 70(42.42%), students were asked to respond to their own self-perceived level of anxiety by using VAS scale of 0 to 100 (mild, moderate and severe) and 84(50.91%) students’ shows severe level of anxiety. The factor contributing anxiety during COVID-19 explored and faced fear about future career 127(76.97%). Students observed that it took great effort to understand online lectures 108(65.45%) and faced the problem of recalling the memorized online 112(67.88%) as insignificant p-value. Conclusion: The COVID-19 epidemic did not seem to enhance the general degree of anxiety among medical students, but instead, they were more concerned about their studies, exams, and especially their future career. Keywords: Visual Analogue Scale, Exam Anxiety, Anxiety.
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