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The aim of this study is to formulate and compare the physicochemical properties of negatively charged liposomes and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with gemcitabine hydrochloride. The influence of the formulation variables on the liposome and nanoparticle properties on particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release was evaluated. Although the PEGylated nanoparticles and PEGylated liposomes were of the same size (∼200 nm), the encapsulation efficiency was 1.4 times higher for PEGylated liposomes than for PEGylated nanoparticles. The optimized formulation of PEGylated liposomes and PEGylated nanoparticles had 26.1 ± 0.18 and 18.8 ± 1.52% encapsulation efficiency, respectively. The release of drug from the PEGylated liposomes and PEGylated nanoparticles exhibited a biphasic pattern that was characterized by a fast initial release during the first 2 h followed by a slower continuous release. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images identified separate circular structures of the liposomes and nanoparticles. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the optimized formulations was assessed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, and the results showed that the cytotoxicity effect of the gemcitabine hydrochloride-loaded liposomes and nanoparticles was more than commercial product Gemko and gemcitabine hydrochloride solution.

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The purpose of present study is to prepare and characterize camphor-loaded ozonated olive oil nanoemulsions (NEs). In this study, olive oils were ozonated with different times (up to 24 h) and their viscosities were examined. NEs were prepared by high-energy ultrasonication technique and characterized according to droplet size distribution, zeta potential, microscopic evaluation, and storage stability. The effect of oil phase/aqueous phase volume ratio, sonication time, and co-solvent (glycerol) on formulations were evaluated. 6 h ozonated olive oil was chosen for developing NEs due to its liquid form and viscosity (189 mPas). The obtained camphor-loaded NEs (with or without glycerol) had nearly 300 nm droplet size with negative zeta potential. Microscopic analysis revealed the spherical shape of droplets. The long-term stability tests showed that camphor-loaded NEs with glycerol were more stable than NEs without glycerol at 4 °C and 25 °C. According to the results, ozonated olive oil based NEs with glycerol might be promising nanosystems for topical delivery of camphor.