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Background and Objectives: The evaluation and accurate recognition of all the needs and problems of patients, including spiritual needs, are inevitable to increase the quality of nursing care. This study aimed to evaluate the spiritual needs and their association with anxiety and depression in the elderly with chronic diseases. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 100 patients with chronic diseases above 60 years of age. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling in the two hospitals of Qom, Iran, in 2017. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics questionnaire, as well as the questionnaire of spiritual needs and hospital anxiety and depression scale. Results: In this study, the mean age of the subjects was 65.4±5.2 years. All the patients were reported with at least a spiritual need. The highest score related to the item of "requesting help from God" was 2.31±0.76, whereas the lowest score related to the item of "talking with others about the life after death" was 0.66±0.98. The results of regression analysis demonstrated that among the variables entered into the univariate model, the two variables of depression and disease duration had a significant relation with spiritual needs. Conclusion: Unmet spiritual needs were reported high in the elderly with chronic diseases, and depression, as well as disease duration, were the effective factors in the spiritual needs of the elderly with chronic diseases. Therefore, the spiritual needs of patients with chronic diseases should be considered in clinical care in order to identify potential therapeutic ways to support and stabilize their emotional state.

The SpNQ-PV showed a minor difference in structuring and indicated good psychometric properties, which can be used to assess the spiritual needs of Iranian elders suffering from chronic diseases.

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Early initiation of sex increases the risks of unprotected sex, multiple partners, and sexually transmitted infections. The effective factors of premarital sexual intercourse have not been widely studied. Objective: This study aimed at identifying environmental factors influencing premarital sexual intercourse from the Iranian youths' perspective. Materials and Methods: Using a qualitative content analysis method, we carried out on students of the Payame Noor University of Shiraz, Iran. A total of 30 single male and female students were selected using a purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed via thematic analysis. Participation in the study was voluntary with informed consent. Results: Seven teen subjects were male, and 13 were female. Analysis of the transcripts yielded 5 main categories: Culture, Cocio-economic status, Family, Media, and Friends, and Peers. The sub-categories were acculturation, cultural norms, economic problems, heavy dowry, availability of unhealthy options, family support, family values and norms, control and supervision, parent-child relationship, satellite, Internet, friends,and peer pressure, and lack of resistance to peer and friends' influence. Conclusion: The educational programs and interventions should emphasize the role of cultural factors and family support and monitoring by families to help correct sexual orientation and healthy behaviors among adolescents. Furthermore, training programs should consider the negative impacts of western media and the effects of peer pressure on the formation and correction of premarital sexual behavior.