Machine learning techniques were used to predict tensile properties of material extrusion-based additively manufactured parts made with Technomelt PA 6910, a hot melt adhesive. An adaptive data generation technique, specifically an active learning process based on the Gaussian process regression algorithm, was employed to enable prediction with limited training data. After three rounds of data collection, machine learning models based on linear regression, ridge regression, Gaussian process regression, and K-nearest neighbors were tasked with predicting properties for the test dataset, which consisted of parts fabricated with five processing parameters chosen using a random number generator. Overall, linear regression and ridge regression successfully predicted output parameters, with < 10% error for 56% of predictions. K-nearest neighbors performed worse than linear regression and ridge regression, with < 10% error for 32% of predictions and 10–20% error for 60% of predictions. While Gaussian process regression performed with the lowest accuracy (< 10% error for 32% of prediction cases and 10–20% error for 40% of predictions), it benefited most from the adaptive data generation technique. This work demonstrates that machine learning models using adaptive data generation techniques can efficiently predict properties of additively manufactured structures with limited training data.
pH sensors with broad applications are in high demand in a variety of fields, including agriculture, healthcare, food processing, textiles, leathers, wet laboratories, and environmental remediation. The majority of pH-related reviews have concentrated on various polymers and metal oxide-based sensing materials, as well as fabrication techniques. However, considerations regarding the context of subsequent pH-sensing platform advancements in terms of materials and technologies with commercial viability must be addressed. Furthermore, the rapid advancement of traditional pH sensors toward nanostructured sensing configurations provides a number of advantages over traditional pH sensors, such as increased sensitivity with larger surface-to-volume ratio, improved stability, faster reaction time, and consistent stability. As a result, we reviewed the evolution of nanostructured pH sensing materials as well as their fabrication methodologies in this paper. Additionally, the inherent challenges and future work required for commercially viable nanostructured pH-sensing platforms are discussed.
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