Purpose Asparaginase is a critical agent used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Pegaspargase (SS-PEG), a pegylated form of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase with a succinimidyl succinate (SS) linker, is the first-line asparaginase product used in Children's Oncology Group (COG) ALL trials. Calaspargase pegol (SC-PEG) replaces the SS linker in SS-PEG with a succinimidyl carbamate linker, creating a more stable molecule. COG AALL07P4 was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparability of SC-PEG to SS-PEG in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk (HR) B-cell ALL. Patients and Methods A total of 165 evaluable patients were randomly assigned at a 2:1 ratio to receive SC-PEG at 2,100 (SC-PEG2100; n = 69) or 2,500 IU/m2 (SC-PEG2500; n = 42) versus SS-PEG 2,500 IU/m2 (SS-PEG2500; n = 54) as part of an otherwise identical chemotherapy regimen. The groups were similar demographically, except more female patients received SC-PEG2500. Results The mean half-life of plasma asparaginase activity for both SC-PEG doses was approximately 2.5× longer than that of SS-PEG2500. The total systemic exposure, as defined by induction area under the curve from time 0 to 25 days, was greater with SC-PEG2500 than with SS-PEG2500 or SC-PEG2100. The proportion of patients with plasma asparaginase activity ≥ 100 mIU/mL and ≥ 400 mIU/mL was higher in patients who received SC-PEG as compared with SS-PEG2500. After one dose of pegylated asparaginase on induction day 4, plasma asparagine was undetectable for 11 days for SS-PEG2500 and 18 days for both SC-PEG groups. Conclusion SC-PEG2500 achieves a significantly longer period of asparaginase activity above defined thresholds and asparagine depletion compared with SS-PEG2500 and has a comparable toxicity profile in children with HR B-cell ALL.
The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, fosinopril, can result in a sustained reduction in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and plasma lipoprotein(a) protein levels in conjunction with a partial reduction in proteinuria.
and the TP10 Cardiac Surgery Study GroupBackground-TP10, a potent inhibitor of complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of death and myocardial infarction (MI) in high-risk male patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, the effect of TP10 in females was undefined because of the limited number of females studied. To examine the possibility of a gender effect, this phase 2 multi-center trial was undertaken to determine whether TP10 would also limit ischemic damage in a larger sample size of high-risk females undergoing cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods and Results-This prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial involved 297 high-risk (urgent surgery, CABG ϩ Valve, reoperations, ejection fraction Ͻ30%) female patients randomized to receive a 5 mg/kg dose of TP10 (nϭ150) or placebo (nϭ147) as a 30-minute intravenous infusion before surgery. The primary end point was the incidence of death or MI at 28 days after surgery. Complement activation was assessed by levels of CH50 and SC5b-9 during and after CPB. TP10 was well tolerated and there were no differences in the safety profiles of the 2 groups. Although TP10 effectively suppressed complement activation (at 2 hours after CPB CH50 (meanϩSD % change from baseline) 50Ϯ17% placebo versus 4Ϯ14% TP10; Pϭ0.0001; SC5b-9 (ng/mL) 917Ϯ1067 placebo versus 204Ϯ79 TP10; Pϭ0.0001), there was no difference in the primary end point between the groups (17% placebo versus 21% TP10; Pϭ0.2550). Conclusions-The benefits of TP10 appear to be gender-related. and mechanisms other than complement activation may be responsible for myocardial injury in high-risk female patients during cardiac surgery on CPB.
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