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Heme oxygenase isozymes, HO‐1 (also known as hsp32) and HO‐2, are the source for the formation of the putative messenger molecule carbon monoxide (CO), reactive iron, and the in vitro antioxidant bilirubin. We have developed and characterized transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress the stress protein in neurons in various brain regions. The Tg mice were generated by the use of rat HO‐1 cDNA under the control of the neuron‐specific enolase promoter. Except for a tendency to have an enlarged spleen, Tg mice did not show gross anatomical changes. Increase in HO‐1 mRNA, which was demonstrated by northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization, was accompanied by an increase in neuronal HO‐1 protein expression, shown by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and an increase in HO activity. Expression of the transgene correlated with an attenuation of exploratory behavior and increased circling activity and coincided with enhanced neuronal NADPH diaphorase staining. Those changes were not accompanied by an increase in DNA damage or significant change in whole‐brain NO synthase activity. The HO‐1 Tg mice potentially represent a good model to examine the function of CO as a neuromodulator, iron as a gene regulator, and bile pigments as in vivo antioxidants.

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