A Life Cycle Assessment used to analyse the Sudanese sugar production environmental impact. The systems studied include sugarcane production, fertilizers, and herbicides manufacturing, sugarcane harvesting and transportation, and sugar milling. The study used SimaPro Software Version 9.0.0.49 and the methods of ReCiPe 2016 and Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) 2007. Sugarcane production was the most consumer (39%) of fossil fuel (2166 MJ t− 1 sugar), followed by sugar processing (26.6%), sugarcane cultivation (20.7%) and sugarcane harvesting with transportation (13.7%). The green-house gases emissions were 271.2 kg CO2-equivalent t− 1 sugar and 59% of this is from sugarcane production. However, 51% of the global warming potential was from sugar processing, sugarcane production. The principal contributor to ozone depletion was sugarcane production (44%). Sugar processing has contributed significantly to eutrophication, acidification, particulate matter, and ecotoxicity. The study has recommended enhancement on the sugar industry operations that would substantially improve environmental performance.

The aim of this study was to assess cellular immunological changes in HIV infected and non-infected normal pregnancies. This was a cross-sectional study of women in the three trimesters of pregnancy and the postpartum period. All participants were asymptomatic. This study showed that absolute numbers of CD4 counts in the HIV infected group were significantly lower than that in the non-infected group, for all periods of gestation studied. The CD8 counts were found to increase postdelivery and may have clinical significance in relation to mother to child transmission. This needs further study with a larger sample size and a longitudinal design method of study.

The Sudanese sugar industry has been suffering from a decline of sugar production. The production of the six sugar mills has dropped in 9 years by 32%, from 775,000 t in 2008 to 526,000 t in 2017. At the Kenana sugar mill, which produces 50% of the country’s sugar, production declined by 25.8% in the period. Production also decreased by 24%, 50.2%, 36.1% and 42.7%, respectively, at the Guneid, Halfa, Sennar and Assalaya factories. The lower sugar production has led to the annual imports of about 599,500 t of sugar. The reasons for the decline in sugar production are discussed below.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Sudanese sugar manufacturing waste on the communities surrounding the industries. The study employed a cross-sectional survey in which 311 respondents living in factory areas. The selected sugar industries included Kenana, Guneid, Halfa, Sinnar, Assalaya, and White Nile. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. Descriptive statistics, nonparametric statistics, and logistic regression were employed. The results showed that wastewater discharge has a significant (P < 0.05) effect on community health. Respondents indicated that the waste creates an ideal environment for parasites to reproduce, off-odors to develop, and ultimately contamination of water. A multinomial logistic regression model showed that wastewater (i.e., off-odors and mosquitoes) have significant (P 0.05) influences on causing health risks (i.e., malaria) to people living around sugar factories. The study also revealed that the lack of sugar industry wastewater management has significantly affected crop and animal production. The suspended particles and bagasse fly were significant (P 0.05) in causing eye and respiratory system diseases in the region. Health services provided by the industries significantly (P = 0.05) impacted community satisfaction. In this regard, the study designed a framework for enhanced handling the industrial waste to be adopted by the Sudanese sugar industry decision-makers. A framework was developed to reduce the impact of waste to the lowest possible level by improving management strategies sufficiently to minimize its impact.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Sudanese sugar manufacture waste on the communities surrounding the industries. The study employed across-sectional survey approach comprising of 311 respondents living around factories areas. The selected sugar industries included; Kenana, Guneid, Halfa, Sinnar, Assalaya and White-Nile. Data were analysed by using SPSS version 19; the descriptive statistics, nonparametric statistics and logistic regression were employed. The results showed that the wastewater discharge has a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the community health. The respondents indicated that the waste creates suitable environment for the reproduction of parasites, off-odor development and finally contaminates the drinking water. The multinomial logistic regression model showed that the wastewater (i.e. creates off-odor and mosquito) have significant (P < 0.05) influences on causing health risks (i.e. malaria) to the people residing around the sugar factories areas. The study was also revealed that the lack of the sugar industry wastewater management has significantly affected the crop and animal production. The suspending particles and bagasse fly were found significantly (P < 0.05) caused high rate of occurrence of eye and respiratory systems diseases in the region. The health services provided by the industries were found significantly (P < 0.05) affected the community satisfaction. It is therefore, the study designed a framework for enhance handling the industrial waste to be adopted by the Sudanese sugar industries decision makers. The framework focused on decreasing the impact of waste to the lowest level through sufficient improvement of the management strategies.