Purpose: Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sounds in the absence of extrinsic sound stimuli. Sound therapy is an option for tinnitus rehabilitation, which aims to mitigate the functional and emotional effects of tinnitus. Several studies have reported that a longer duration of sound therapy may result in a greater tinnitus relief effect. However, the relationship between the daily hours of sound therapy and the tinnitus relief effect remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the tinnitus relief effect according to the time spent in daily performing sound therapy. Method: Fifty-eight chronic tinnitus participants were randomly assigned to three groups according to their daily hours of sound therapy (1-hr, 3-hr, and 5-hr groups), and mixing point-based sound therapy, which adjusts the volume of the external stimulus to blend with the participant's tinnitus sound, was administered for 3 months. The effectiveness of sound therapy was determined based on changes in the tinnitus loudness level, visual analog scale for loudness score, and the Korean version of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire (K-TPFQ) score between the baseline and 3-month time points. Results: Longer daily sound therapy hours were associated to a greater effect of sound therapy in the tinnitus loudness level and the total K-TPFQ scores, including the emotion and hearing subcategories. Particularly, the 3-hr and 5-hr groups showed a greater tinnitus relief than the 1-hr group. Conclusion: An increase in the daily sound therapy hours may increase the possibility of improving tinnitus relief effects.
Tinnitus refers to the perception of ringing sounds in the ear that are not heard by others. Counseling plays a vital role in tinnitus intervention. Counseling provides correct information about tinnitus and hearing loss, corrects any misunderstandings related to tinnitus, and suggests precise alternative interventions for tinnitus. In this review, we aimed to examine the counseling contents in Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Tinnitus Activities Treatment (TAT) to identify information that could be useful for counseling approaches and contents for the various tinnitus intervention methods. We searched Web of Science, Embase, Science Direct, and PubMed for relevant articles. Of the 5,283 articles, 31 were included in the final review of counseling contents for TRT, CBT, and TAT. Based on our findings, we were able to summarize the main contents of counseling in TRT, CBT, and TAT. Although the contents of counseling may vary depending on the individuals with tinnitus, our review provided information that may help audiologists or hearing professionals further understand the fundamentals of counseling for each tinnitus intervention. Our review may serve as a guideline for tinnitus counseling according to tinnitus interventions.
The Curved TFT‐LCDs on glass are mainly single curved shape, while the free‐form curved displays (FFCDs) are mainly OLED displays on plastic substrate. Multi‐curvature TFT‐LCDs using glass are difficult to manufacture due to substrate interaction, breakage and mura caused by stress from curving of the glass. Particularly, the waterfall shape which simultaneously consists of concave and convex forms causes the light leakage that increases the retardation of LCDs due to the substrate interaction. The TFT‐LCDs can implement the multi‐curved shape if the stress retardation is improved. Therefore, we tried to simulate stress retardation through the light leakage analysis of curved LCDs. We have developed IPS LCDs with the 25‐inch waterfall‐like curved 500R, the 21.5‐inch L‐curved 600R and the 14.45‐inch convex curved 1000R of trapezium shape for the automotive platform design
Purpose: Sound therapy is a useful rehabilitation approach that focuses on listening to external stimuli to reduce the perception of and negative reactions to tinnitus. In this study, we investigated whether the benefits of sound therapy for tinnitus were maintained after treatment completion.Methods: The study included 18 adults with chronic sensorineural tinnitus. The intervention used was sound therapy based on the mixing point level of each participant. Participants received sound therapy for 6 months; the Korean version of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire was administered before, after, and 6 months after completion of sound therapy to confirm any resolution of tinnitus.Results: The beneficial effects against tinnitus were maintained even 6 months post-therapy in 18 participants who showed significant improvement in mean questionnaire scores following sound therapy. With regard to the mean total score and mean subscale scores of emotion, sleep, concentration, and hearing, improvements between the baseline and 6-month follow-up were 24.22, 26.23, 25.22, 29.56, and 15.89, respectively.Conclusion: Sound therapy may be a potentially useful strategy that maintains improvement in tinnitus even after treatment. This fact may be useful to hearing professionals who may consider sound therapy for management of tinnitus.
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