This article examines variation in local-level energy-efficiency grants and corresponding initiatives from the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) in the United States. The analysis is based upon a hurdle model of counts of energy-efficiency grants received by 348 local governments that received these grants from 2009 to 2013, as well as 348 matched local governments that did not receive such funds. City-level characteristics including amount of federal financial support, per capita income, signaling of preferences for sustainability policies, manufacturing, and political influences are shown to be empirically important determinants of variation in local energy-efficiency initiatives. The evidence suggests that all else held equal, the $21.8 billion in ARRA funds expended with the intent of increasing local energy-efficiency programs and policies successfully led to this end.KEY WORDS: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), energy-efficiency programs and policies, sustainable energy, hurdle models 美国复苏和再投资法案中地方能源效率倡议的决定因素和评价 本文检验了美国地方级能源效率拨款的差异, 同时检验了美国复苏和再投资法案(American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, ARRA)中的相应倡议。本文的分析基于一项关于能源效率 拨款总数的栅栏模型(hurdle model) ,
The depopulation problem in South Korea is considered from the viewpoint of local government. Recently, 「Special Act on Support for Depopulated Areas」 has been enacted in South Korea. 89 small cities that are in danger of extinction due to population decrease have been designated as depopulation area for intensive support from the federal government. The purpose of this research was to find the answer on how depopulation area designated can be manage their funds to induce young people. In this regard, this study examines the relationship between variation in local-level spending and population influx in the age ranging between 20 and 39 with depopulation cities located within Daegu, Busan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Gyengsangbook-do. The statistically significant evidence indicates that cities that spent more Economic Development-related funds Social Welfare-related funds led to more population influx aged 20 to 39. Otherwise this research has shown that more expenditure in General Administration section did indeed decrease levels of influx of young adult population aged 20-30. This evidence suggests that how well the financial expenditure related to Economic Development funds and Social Welfare funds are implemented, the new young population aged 20-39 successfully will be entered within the cities experienced population decline. This finding can be very informative for local governments with depopulation of rural areas.
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