The purpose of this study sought to investigate factors that influence studentathletes' satisfaction with academic services within athletics departments. Additionally, we examined the relationship between student-athletes' satisfaction and academic performance (i.e., GPA). A total of 226 NCAA Division I studentathletes from a Midwestern university competing in a mid-major conference participated. A survey consisting of 22 questions was created to assess the satisfaction of the four major factors (facilities, staff, tutoring, and advising programs) of academic advising services. Results revealed that student-athletes were satisfied with academic services, but satisfaction differed among class levels, with freshman athletes reporting lower levels of satisfaction than junior and senior athletes. Additional results showed that facilities and staff have significant influences on student-athletes' satisfaction with academic services. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between student-athletes' satisfaction and GPA. The findings provide partial support for the proposed theoretical model, which suggests that athletics departments should provide adequate, accessible academic facilities and hire properly-trained staff.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate satisfaction with campus recreation facilities among college students with physical disabilities. One hundred twenty-two college students with various physical disabilities participated in the study. This study found that use of and satisfaction with campus recreation facilities were significantly low among college students with disabilities. Specifically, 68% of college students with physical disabilities used campus recreation facilities less than 5 time per semester, and 37% of participants never used the facilities. The personnel in the area of campus recreation programs and facilities for students with disabilities should use the findings and suggestions of this study to provide better accessibility and accommodation of campus recreation facilities to students with disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the motivational factors affecting sport spectator involvement using 304 spectators from NCAA Division II men's and women's basketball games. Two aspects (behavioral and socio-psychological) of sport spectator involvement were examined. The results revealed that spectators at intercollegiate basketball games had a higher level of socio-psychological involvement than behavioral involvement. A series of multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the affects of sociomotivational factors (perceived value, fan identification, involvement opportu nity, and reference groups) on sport spectator involvement. Fan identification, involvement opportunity, and reference groups were identified as influential factors that had a significant impact on overall sport spectator involvement. The results also indicated that the four motivational factors predicted more variance for socio-psychological involvement (R2 = .33) than behavioral involve ment (R2 = .22). The findings of this study provide valuable insight to Division II athletic administrators about how to attract additional spectators to collegiate basketball games.Collegiate sports play a significant role in generating m eaningful grow th in the sport industry, especially in th e U nited States (Ho & Jiang, 2006). Fur therm ore, college sports have b ee n recognized as a significant m arket seg m ent due to their unique characteristics such as a diverse fan base, high levels of spectator involvement, an d intense m arket com petition (Fink, Trail, & A nderson, 2002). As collegiate sports have developed into a big business, m any colleges and universities seek opportunities to accom plish their m is sions, such as increasing their visibility, enhancing their im age, and gener ating financial success through athletic departm ents (Howard & Crompton, 2004). Several researchers (e.g., Fulks, 2000; Robinson, Trail, Dick, & Gillentine, 2005) have reported that athletic departm ents w ith com petitive athletic program s g enerate profits for their universities. Direct revenue from ticket sales as well as indirect revenue from sponsorship, broadcasting rights, and m erchandise are typical income stream s for college athletic departm ents. E ducational adm inistrators are confronted w ith ch anges associated w ith adap tin g technology, ch anging dem ographics, increasing com petition, ris ing costs, and funding cuts. In addition, these educational adm inistrators also are challenged to anticipate ch an g es and to form ulate proactive re sponses w hich will fu rther the universities' educational missions. Because athletic program s are considered p art of h igher education institutions, ath letic departm en ts face th e sam e financial problem s as do the institutions to w hich they belong (Shulm an & Bowen, 2001). M any colleges a n d universi ties h ave b e e n facing increasingly tight b u d g ets in rec en t years and have b e e n struggling to provide m ore funding for th eir ow n athletic program s. M oreover...

The purpose of the current study was to examine the psychometric properties of a leisure constraints model within the context of Asian international students attending colleges in the U.S. Data were collected from a sample of 116 Asian international students attending a Midwestern university in the U.S. Eight (7 constraints and a dependant) factors were identified through EFA with a promax rotation. Construct validity of leisure constraints was confirmed with a CFA . Among the constraint factors, the Lack of Time found to be the most significant obstacle inhibiting Asian international students from participating in physical activity. Additionally, the results from SEM found that the constraint factors explained a significant amount of variance in the future non-intention in the physical activity participation. The results from the current study provide both theoretical and practical implication for scholars and practitioners as the study found a unique set of constraint factors applicable for Asian international students.