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This study introduces the conceptual foundations of cultural intelligence (CQ) at the organizational level and elaborates on its three factors: process, position, and path capability. Drawing on Early and Ang’s individual level of CQ conceptualization and Teece et al.’s dynamic capability framework, the proposed organizational CQ theory suggests how micro theories of cultural intelligence can be relevant to the macro theories of organizational CQ. In addition, this study also proposes a nomological network for organizational CQ models that sheds light on the role of organizational CQ and the underlying mechanism of the relationship between organizational CQ and organizational performance as well as intermediate performance outcomes (international performance).

Purpose -The purpose of this research is to examine relationships between emotional intelligence and the four factor model of cultural intelligence -metacognitive CQ, cognitive CQ, motivational CQ, and behavioral CQ. Design/methodology/approach -Confirmatory factor analyses and hierarchical regression analyses on data from 381 students in Korea are conducted. Findings -The results support discriminant validity of the four factor model of cultural intelligence scale (CQS) in relation to the emotional intelligence (EQ) construct. This study also demonstrates that the EQ factors related to social competence (social awareness and relationship management) explain CQ over and beyond the EQ factors related to self-competence (self-awareness, and relationship management). Finally, the results present that specific factors of EQ are related to specific factors of CQ. Originality/value -The findings of this study demonstrate how CQ and EQ are distinct, but related constructs, which has not been conducted by prior research.

Purpose This study aims to examine how workplace incivility (i.e. coworker and customer incivility) affects service employees’ creativity, specifically the way emotional exhaustion at work decreases their intrinsic motivation, and, in turn, damages service employees’ creativity. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to show the mechanism by which both coworker and customer incivility at work affects service employee creativity. Design/methodology/approach Service employees from a hotel in South Korea were surveyed using a self-administered instrument for data collection. Out of 450 questionnaires, a total of 281 usable questionnaires were obtained after list-wise deletion, for a 62.4 per cent response rate. Structural equation modeling analysis provided support for the hypotheses. Findings The results indicate a serial multiple mediator model in which both coworker and customer incivility increase service employees’ emotional exhaustion, which, in turn, reduces their intrinsic motivation at work and ultimately decreases their creativity. That is, the findings of this study reveal a negative relationship between workplace incivility (i.e. coworker and customer incivility) and service employees’ creativity that is fully and sequentially mediated by the service employees’ emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation. Research limitations/implications The use of cross-sectional self-reports potentially raises concerns about common method bias. Caution is recommended in reaching conclusions concerning the causal relationships between the variables, as the current study did not capture causality variation. For instance, it may be that emotional exhaustion from incivility gradually compounds over time, leading to a greater negative impact on service employees. In contrast, employees may develop strategies to cope with uncivil behavior over time, which attenuates the negative effects on service employees as time passes. A longitudinal design might offer an alternative to overcome this limitation in future research. Practical implications Considering the findings about the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion between workplace incivility and employee outcomes (i.e. intrinsic motivation and creativity), firms should consider establishing systematic institutional practices and policies to prevent employees from feeling emotionally exhausted from workplace incivility. Executive and senior management teams would benefit by instituting strict policies and regulations which nurture desirable behaviors among organizational members that protect victims of workplace incivility. Originality/value This study is the first to examine the relationship between workplace incivility and creativity. Moreover, the present study attempts to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanism through which both coworker and customer incivility negatively affect service employees’ creativity.

The aim of the study is to test not only the relative importance effect of employees' external and internal corporate social responsibility (CSR) perceptions on prosocial and proactive behaviors (i.e., organizational citizenship behavior [OCB] and job crafting) but also the impact of the interaction of these two kinds of employee CSR perceptions on proactive behaviors. Survey-based data were collected from 181 employees at eight luxury hotels located in South Korea. Using a two-wave longitudinal design, we measured employees' internal and external CSR perceptions, and then their supervisors rated OCB and job crafting one month after. Hierarchical moderated regression model is employed to test research hypotheses. The results showed that employees' internal CSR perceptions are more strongly related to prosocial and proactive behaviors than employees' external CSR perceptions are. Furthermore, the positive relationship between internal CSR perceptions and prosocial and proactive behaviors was more pronounced when external CSR perceptions were high than when they were low. The theoretical and managerial implications of the results and the limitations of the study are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.