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BACKGROUND:The traditional oxygen delivery methods for oxygen therapy are continuous flow oxygen (CFO) and demand oxygen delivery (DOD); however, oxygen waste is considerable in CFO, while DOD is uncomfortable for patients. Synchronized DOD (SDOD), which was designed to overcome the drawbacks of both CFO and DOD, supplies oxygen according to the patient's breathing pattern and the desired oxygen saving. This study was conducted to examine the overall performance of SDOD in terms of oxygen saturation (S pO 2 ), patients' comfort, and oxygen saving ratio (SR). METHODS: Study subjects were patients who required oxygen for COPD or pneumonia. Patients received oxygen through nasal prongs by CFO and SDOD for 30 min each. S pO 2 was measured every 10 min by pulse oximetry, and subjects recorded their level of comfort after 30 min. The flow of discharged oxygen was recorded to calculate SR. RESULTS: Ten subjects (median age, 68 y; range, 56 -86 y) were enrolled. The S pO 2 of patients during SDOD (97 ؎ 2%) was similar to that during CFO (96 ؎ 3%) with no statistically significant difference (P ‫؍‬ .53). Subjects reported SDOD to be more comfortable than CFO. The comfort score of subjects treated with SDOD was 7.05 ؎ 2.07 (0: very uncomfortable, 10: very comfortable); this was significantly higher (P ‫؍‬ .02) than the comfort score (5.20 ؎ 1.83) of subjects treated with CFO. The SR values set by clinicians were very similar to calculated SR values. CONCLUSIONS: SDOD appears to be more suitable for oxygen therapy than CFO when considering S pO 2 , patients' comfort, and SR.

In conclusion, SDOD might provide more comfortable oxygen delivery by reducing DI, and conserves oxygen while offering an equivalent Fio2.

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The elastic modulus and the apparent density of the trabecular bone were evaluated from spherical indentation tests and Computed Tomography and their relationship was quantified. After the femurs were prepared and embedded with respect to their anatomical orientation, the transverse planes of the trabecular bone specimens were scanned at 1mm intervals using a CT scanner. The metaphyseal regions were sectioned with a diamond-blade saw, producing 8mm cubes. Using a custom-made spherical indentation tester, the cubes were mechanically tested in the anteriorposterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML), and inferior-superior (IS) directions. After determination of modulus from the mechanical testing, the apparent densities of the specimens were measured. The results showed that the IS modulus was significantly greater than both the AP and ML moduli with the AP modulus greater than the ML modulus. This demonstrated that orthogonality was a structural characteristic of the trabecular bone. The power relationship between the modulus and the apparent density was also found to be statistically significant.