Background: About 24 million children across the world live without their parents. In resource-limited countries like Ethiopia, childhood malnutrition is common and intertwined with poverty. It is a leading cause of death for children contributing over half of child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless; little is known about the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among under five age orphans, as most of the variable studies were geared towards under five children as wholesome. Method: A community based cross-sectional study design complemented with qualitative methods was conducted collecting data from mothers/caretakers of 367 orphans in Dilla town, Southern Ethiopia from 5, Dec.2017-18, Jan. 2018. Systematic random sampling technique was used, A structured pretested interviewer administered questionnaire complemented by focus group discussions and key informant in-depth interviews" was used. Anthropometric measurements were also carried. Data were entered in to EPi-info version 3.5.4 software and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. The prevalence of wasting among Orphans was assessed by calculating the percentages using ENA for SMART 2012 software and analysis was made using WHO Standard cut off point below-2 S. D using z-scores. All variables with p value of < 0.25 during bivariate logistic regression analysis were entered to a multivariate analysis to identify variables independently associated with the outcome variable at p value 0.05 with 95% CI. For qualitative aspect, thematic framework analysis was employed. Results: 11.1% orphans were wasted from which 3.3 are severely wasted. The main associated factors of wasting were found to be number of under-five orphans at home (AOR 1.420; 95% CI 1.094-3.086), duration of breast feeding (AOR 2.039; 95% CI 1.027-4.048), marital status of care givers (AOR 1.482; 95% CI 1.692-3.377), age when complementary meal started (AOR 2.023; 95% CI 1.028-3.980), wealth index (AOR 2.558; 95% CI 1.074-3.515) and access to balanced diet (AOR 2.022; 95% CI 1.026-3.889) Conclusion: The prevalence of wasting is high among under-five orphans; therefore, all concerned bodies should pay a great attention for proposed interventions like Strengthen the social interactions and indigenous institutions to maximize social care for under five orphans and Integrating locally available nutrition support programs to reach under 5 yrs orphans.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first 6 months of life is crucial for optimizing child growth, development and survival, as well as the mother's wellbeing. Mother's employment may hinder optimal breastfeeding, especially in the first 6 months. We assessed the effectiveness of a baby-friendly workplace support intervention on EBF in Kenya. This pre-post intervention study was conducted between 2016 and 2018 on an agricultural farm in Kericho County. The intervention targeted pregnant/ breastfeeding women residing on the farm and consisted of workplace support policies and programme interventions including providing breastfeeding flexi-time and breaks for breastfeeding mothers; day-care centres (crèches) for babies near the workplace and lactation centres with facilities for breast milk expression and storage at the crèches; creating awareness on available workplace support for breastfeeding policies; and home-based nutritional counselling for pregnant and breastfeeding women. EBF was measured through 24-h recall. The effect of the intervention on EBF was estimated using propensity score weighting. The study included 270 and 146 mother-child dyads in the nontreated (preintervention) group and treated (intervention) group, respectively. The prevalence of EBF was higher in the treated group (80.8%) than in the nontreated group (20.2%); corresponding to a fourfold increased probability of EBF [risk ratio (RR) 3.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.95-5.15]. The effect of the intervention was stronger among children aged 3-5 months (RR 8.13; 95% CI 4.23-15.64) than among those aged <3 months (RR 2.79; 95% CI 2.09-3.73).The baby-friendly workplace support intervention promoted EBF especially beyond 3 months in this setting.

Little is known about the relation between the women empowerment in agriculture index, and health and nutrition outcomes among under-five children in Ethiopia. The study's objective was to examine women's empowerment in agriculture and its association with the nutritional status of children (6–59 months) in rural, cash crop producing, and resource-limited settings of Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted employing 422 households; having women of reproductive age group and children under-five. Stratified simple random sampling was used to identify households; a simple random sampling was used to select villages and households. Women empowerment in agriculture was measured by the abbreviated women empowerment in agriculture index. Even if the overall multi-dimensional five domains of empowerment index (5DE) was not a significant predictor of nutritional status in children (P > 0⋅05), sub-indicators had a pivotal role in child nutritional status. Disempowerment in decisions about input into production [AOR = 8⋅85], empowerment on control of income [AOR = 0⋅35] and availability of livestock [AOR = 0⋅38] were predictors of child stunting, whereas women's disempowerment in production decisions seems beneficiary for wasting, disempowered women have 84 % less likely to have wasted child than empowered women [AOR = 0⋅16]. Dietary and agricultural diversity [particularly livestock farming], and women's empowerment in production decisions were predictors of better nutritional outcomes in children. Therefore, a concentrated effort is needed towards strengthening the multi-dimensional empowerment of women in agriculture emphasising women's input into production decisions, dietary and agricultural diversification, mainly livestock farming.

Statistical report of the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health for the years 2006/7 shows that the number of health professionals in the country is insignificant compared to the demand of the population. The objective of this study is assessing the factors which reduce the commitment of the professional health workers and force them to flee away to other places. For that, a cross-sectional design with multi-stage stratified sampling technique on a total of 660 health workers was employed. Following, the reliability of our data collection tools was assessed and then, principal component analysis with varimax rotation to identify components of the composite extrinsic factors with higher variance was also done. After that, factor scores, correlations, and stepwise multiple linear regressions were calculated. A total of 573 participants with a response rate of 86.03% were included in the study. A two-factor solutions from the 10 items with Eigen values = 6.8 and 1.2 was extracted for extrinsic factors, which were called as extrinsic factor_1 & _2, and one factor of affective commitment_1 from 6 was also extracted. Lastly, extrinsic factors of work_1 & _2 (B = 0.202, 95% CI 0.152, 0.253, p < 0.0001 and B = 0.231, 95% CI 0.169, 0.292, p < 0.0001) respectively are considered as predictors of workers commitment. This implies that, the higher workers dissatisfaction with extrinsic factors of work, the lower their affective commitments will be. Therefore, policy makers in the ministry of health should revise their policy to bring some improvement on the extrinsic factors of work such as, salary, fringe benefits, and the incentive system of health care organizations by assessing the conditions of those factors in each health care organization.