Open burning of refuse is one of the key sources that causes high air pollution in Metropolitan cities. This paper identifies pollutant concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5) emission and air quality index categories with the peak hour interval on Hidar Sitaten day, and present analysis of air quality in Addis Ababa from August 2016 to November 2019. Daily records, with a 1-hour interval, of raw concentration of air pollutant and air quality index data, were obtained from the AirNow website of Addis Ababa central monitoring station. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of the mean air quality index and concentration of PM2.5. Accordingly, the study revealed that the peak hour for high pollutant concentration emission ranges between 8 pm to 11 pm hours, and the mean air quality index was more than a moderate level. Particularly, on Hidar Sitaten in 2019 at 9 pm the maximum concentration of PM2.5 was 8.6 times higher than WHO air quality guideline standard of daily allowance. The highest mean of air quality index and concentration of PM2.5 recorded was 112 and 44.2 µg/m3 on 21 November 2017, respectively, and it was found to be unhealthy for sensitive groups. This implies that the concentration of PM2.5 was harmful to people who are unusually sensitive to particulate pollution and have health problems. Therefore, public participation and strong regulations are needed on air quality management to strike a balance between a cultural practice of Hidar Sitaten and healthy air quality.
Air contamination influenced the human health and environmental well-being of the ecosystem. Particulate matter is a series of issues from major air pollutants in atmosphere. The aim of the review was to analyses the influence of particulate matter on human health and estimate the number of populations exposed to air pollution. The data analysed using the Environmental Benefits Mapping Analysis program model to selected African provinces. The review used 15% rollback data from the global burden disease and 5.8 µg/m³ the concentration of air pollutants from 1990 to 2013 years. The main findings of the study revealed that about 370 million (36.6%) population affected by air pollution. Besides, the risk factor associated with a population was 53,000 deaths per total population and 50,000 life-year losses. The economic value estimated to avoid a single case of particular matter on human health effect were estimated 14 billion dollars (US 2011). Priorities should be given to air quality management to improve the human and environmental health of ecosystems to reduce the global burden of disease of Africa regions.
Introduction: Food-borne disease is a major health problem especially in low-income countries like Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of food handlers at student cafeteria of Kotebe Metropolitan University. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 68 food handlers in student cafeteria of Kotebe Metropolitan University from May 30, 2018 to October 30, 2019. A structured questionnaire was used via face-to-face interviews to assess food handler’s knowledge of food safety and practices food safety. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences window version 20 and presented in the form of frequency tables, percentages, and graphs. The association was tested using Pearson’s chi-square, where P-value (<.05) was considered statistically significant. Results: The result showed that food handlers had good knowledge of food safety and good practice of food safety measured by the passing score of 40 (57.94%) and 48 (70.6%), respectively. Almost all food handlers were aware of the crucial role of knowledge of food safety and food safety practices in the student cafeteria. Accordingly, results of this work revealed that 67 (98.5%), 60 (88.2%), 65 (95.6%), and 56 (82.4%) of the subjects had food safety knowledge, always wash vegetables and fruits, had hand washing facilities with a supply of hot water, soap, and hand drying towel, had a hair mask or cloth during food preparation, and wore safety cloth during food preparation, respectively. Conclusion: The findings revealed significant relationship between food safety practices of food handlers and level of education, specifically regarding access to hand washing facilities, hand washing after a break and in the toilet, changing gloves between raw and ready-to-eat food, and drying and cleaning hands before handling food ( P < .05). Additionally, Kotebe Metropolitan University should design food handling and safety guidelines and offer specific training for food handling workers.
Wetland ecosystems are one of the most important areas that provides different ecosystems services as well as habitat for plant and animal species. In spite of multipurpose, wetland ecosystems are under threats. This study attempts to analyze wetland dynamics of Abay Choman and Jimma Geneti watershed in Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia using geospatial techniques. The land use land cover (LULC), the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were investigated using Landsat 5 TM of 1991, Landsat 7ETM+ of 2003, and OLI/TIRS of 2021. In the present study, the LULC was classified using a supervised classification method with maximum likelihood algorithm. The red and infrared bands of Landsat imagery from three different time periods were used to calculate NDVI, while the NDWI was estimated using the green and near infrared (NIR) bands of multispectral Landsat images. Results show that wetland ecosystem in the study area decreased by about 125.2 km2 (8.8%) with the rate of 4.2 km2/year. In contrast, agricultural land increased by 223.4 km2 with the rate of 7.4 km2/year between 1991 and 2021. About 66.7 km2 wetland was converted to cultivated land whereas 29.3 and 24.7 km2 of grassland and shrubs land were converted into cultivated land. As a result, the maximum NDVI and NDWI values were decreased between 1991 and 2021. To minimize the rapid loss of wetland and water bodies in the study area, proper land use planning and environmental education should be promoted.
Background: The novel coronavirus pandemic, namely COVID-19, has become a global public health problem. COVID-19 was first reported in Ethiopia on 14 March 2020 by WHO. This paper is aimed at identifying the implication of COVID-19 on the concentration of PM2.5 from March 14, 2020 to July 31, 2020 in Ethiopia. Methods: The study gathered the environmental data released by Addis Ababa Central monitoring station before and during the coronavirus pandemic and discusses its impact on air quality. Daily concentrations of PM2.5 were compared before and during the COVId-19 for 280 days. The study compared the daily concentration of PM2.5 before COVID-19 from October 25, 2019 to March 13, 2020 and during COVID-19 from March 14, 2020 to July 31, 2020. The summary of the particulate matter, number of cases and deaths from March 14, 2020 to July 31, 2020 were analyzed in Ethiopia.Results: The results show that, the concentration of PM2.5 during COVID-19 was higher than before COVID-19. As air pollution increased the number of deaths was increased during coronavirus pandemic. There were 16,615 confirmed cases and 263 number of deaths from March 14, 2020 to July 31, 2020 in Ethiopia. Conclusion: We found that the concentration of PM2.5 during COVID-19 was higher than before COVID-19. COVID-19 has implications for the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in metropolitan city.
Wetland was substantially decreased by anthropogenic activities worldwide, which needs argent conservation action. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of land use land cover change on wetland dynamics from 1992 to 2022 in Jimma City, Southwestern Ethiopia. Landsat TM of 1992, ETM+ of 2000, ETM+ of 2009 and OLI/TIRS of 2022 were used. ArcGIS 10.3 and ERDAS Imagine 2015 were used in the study. Landsat images were classified by using supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm. The results revealed that grassland, wetland and vegetation land cover classes were declined by 2,304.9 ha, 1410.2 ha and 820.5 ha, respectively whereas, farm land, settlement and bare land were increased by 2,199 ha, 2,111 ha and 225.4 ha, respectively from 1992 to 2022. Results show that the normalized difference water index (NDWI) has positive and negative strong relationship with normailized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built up index (NDBI) with the Coefficent determination (R2) of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. Due to rapid urbanization and declining of vegetation cover in the study area, about 98% of wetland land cover in the study area lost over the past decades. The governmental and non-governmental organization should give special attention to wetland restoration and management in the study area.
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