Background: The Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) piloted the first HIV Project ECHO (Extension for Community Health Outcomes) in Africa at 10 clinical sites between 2015 and 2016. Goals of Project ECHO implementation included strengthening clinical capacity, improving professional satisfaction, and reducing isolation while addressing HIV service challenges during decentralization of antiretroviral therapy. Methods: MoHSS conducted a mixed-methods evaluation to assess the pilot. Methods included pre/post program assessments of healthcare worker knowledge, self-efficacy, and professional satisfaction; assessment of continuing professional development (CPD) credit acquisition; and focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Analysis compared the differences between pre/post scores descriptively. Qualitative transcripts were analyzed to extract themes and representative quotes. Results: Knowledge of clinical HIV improved 17.8% overall (95% confidence interval 12.2-23.5%) and 22.3% (95% confidence interval 13.2-31.5%) for nurses. Professional satisfaction increased 30 percentage points. Most participants experienced reduced professional isolation (66%) and improved CPD credit access (57%). Qualitative findings reinforced quantitative results. Following the pilot, the Namibia MoHSS Project ECHO expanded to over 40 clinical sites by May 2019 serving more than 140 000 people living with HIV. Conclusions: Similar to other Project ECHO evaluation results in the United States of America, Namibia's Project ECHO led to the development of ongoing virtual communities of practice. The evaluation demonstrated the ability of the Namibia HIV Project ECHO to improve healthcare worker knowledge and satisfaction and decrease professional isolation.

Background Globally, the prevalence of obesity is on the rise and has nearly tripled since 1975. In Ethiopia, despite not having well-documented evidence, abdominal obesity has been increasing dramatically, particularly in urban settings. Therefore, this study is intended to determine the prevalence and risk factors of abdominal obesity among adults in Dilla town, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between January and February 2018 in Dilla Town. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to recruit 663 adults. The study was conducted in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) STEP wise approach. Waist circumference was measured using a flexible metric tape midway between the lowest rib and iliac crest with the participant standing at the end of gentle expiration. Abdominal obesity was determined using the International Diabetes Federation cutoff. A logistic regression model was fitted to identify risk factors of abdominal obesity. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to show the strength of association. Results A total of 634 adults participated in the study with a response rate of 95.6%. This study revealed that 155 (24.4%) [95% CI: (21.50, 27.80)] adults were abdominally obese. Higher odds of being abdominally obese were noted among adults with a high [

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) early warning indicators (EWIs) of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) assess factors at individual ART sites that are known to create situations favourable to the emergence of HIVDR.MethodsIn 2014, the Namibia HIV care and treatment program abstracted the following adult and pediatric EWIs from all public ART sites (50 main sites and 143 outreach sites): On-time pill pick-up, Retention in care, Pharmacy stock-outs, Dispensing practices, and Viral load suppression. Comparisons were made between main and outreach sites and between 2014 and 2012 using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test in a matched analysis.ResultsThe national estimates were: On-time pill pick-up 81.9% (95% CI 81.1–82.8) for adults and 82.4% (81.3–83.4) for pediatrics, Retention in care 79% retained on ART after 12 months for adults and 82% for pediatrics, Pharmacy stock-outs 94% of months without a stock-out for adults and 88% for pediatrics, and Dispensing practices 0.01% (0.001–0.056) dispensed mono- or dual-therapy for adults and 0.01% (0.001–0.069) for pediatrics. Viral load suppression was significantly affected by low rates of Viral load completion. Main sites had higher On-time pill pick-up than outreach sites for adults (p<0.001) and pediatrics (p<0.001), and no difference between main and outreach sites for Retention in care for adults (p = 0.761) or pediatrics (p = 0.214). From 2012 to 2014 in adult sites, On-time pill pick-up (p = 0.001), Retention in care (p<0.001), and Pharmacy stock-outs (p = 0.002) worsened. In pediatric sites, On-time pill pick-up (p<0.001) and Pharmacy stock-outs (p = 0.012) worsened.ConclusionsResults of EWIs monitoring in Namibia provide evidence about ART programmatic functioning and contextualize results from national surveys of HIVDR. These results are worrisome as they show a decline in program performance over time. The national ART program is taking steps to minimize the emergence of HIVDR by strengthening adherence and retention of patients on ART, reducing stock-outs, and strengthening ART data quality.

Background: Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Based on the world health organization estimates, diarrhea contributes to more than one in every ten (13%) child deaths in Ethiopia. Despite the emphasis given to improving child health, many children are still dying due to easily preventable and treatable diarrheal disease in Ethiopia. Methods: A community cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected underfive children who live in Wonago district. Three hundred eighteen households were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured closed-ended questionnaire. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into the statistical package for social sciences window version 20 statistical software analysis. Results: The magnitude of moderate to severe diarrhea in the Wonago district was 30.9%. The number of family members (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI [1.277-5.716]), presence of animals in households (AOR: 2.591, 95% CI [1.188-5.650]), availability of latrine (AOR: 2.129, 95% CI [1.006-4.505]), and hand washing practice during a critical time (AOR: 2.683, 95% CI [1.139-6.319]) were strongly associated with moderate to severe diarrhea. Conclusion: Childhood diarrhea remains an important health concern in the study area. This calls for a holistic and multimodal approach for the prevention, early identification, and intervention of diarrhea in children. More emphasis should also be given on personal, household, and environmental hygiene, as well as family planning.

Background: The dynamic and uncertain nature of the healthcare environment requires competent health professionals to manage the changing environment. However, globally and regionally there is a shortage of competent health professionals. Understanding the causes of poor performance of healthcare is crucial to provide high-quality healthcare service. So this study aims to assess perceived clinical competence and associated factors among undergraduate medicine and health science students at Dilla University, medical and health Science College. Methods: Institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 267 students. Initially, departments were stratified, then simple random sample was used to select students. A 2 days of training was given for data collectors and supervisors. Data were entered into Epi-info version 7 and analyzed using Stata version 12. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess associated factors of clinical competency. Results: A total of 267 students participated in this study. The majority of students were males 197 (73.8%) and more than half of the participants 186 (69.7%) were in the age group of 20 to 24 years. The study found only 39.3%, 95% CI (33.3, 44.9) of the participants perceived themselves as clinically competent. This study also identified instructor provided constructive feedback (AOR= 2.12, 95% CI =1.164-3.861), instructor orientation about assessment method (AOR=1.855 95% CI =1.03-3.408) and staff encouragement during clinical practice (AOR= 2.608, 95% CI= 1.425-4.77) were statistically significant factors. Conclusion and Recommendation: In this study, perceived clinical competency was 39%. Teachers should give constructive feedback to their students to boost their confidence and ability. Furthermore, nationally there should be standard and clear assessment methods in which teachers, school administrators and responsible stakeholders should briefly explain assessment methods to their students and it also needs an action to improve the interaction between staff and students.

Background: Adolescent girls are more likely to develop anemia as a result of physical and physiological changes that place a greater strain on their nutritional needs. Primary studies, on the other hand, may not be sufficient to provide a complete picture of anemia in adolescent girls and its major risk factors. Objective: The study aimed to describe the pooled prevalence of adolescent girls’ anemia and the factors that contribute. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of observational studies using the databases CINAHL (EBSCO), PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the articles, and studies of fair to good quality were included. We pooled anemia prevalence among adolescents and odds ratio estimates for risk factors. Subgroup analysis employing sample size and study setup was computed to determine the source of heterogeneity, and the I2 test was used to identify the existence or absence of substantial heterogeneity during subgroup analysis. The pooled prevalence of adolescent girls’ anemia was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: The overall pooled prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia was 23.03% (95% confidence interval: 17.07, 28.98). Low dietary diversity (odds ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 2.32), illiterate mothers (odds ratio: 1.45; 95% confidence interval: 1.13, 1.86), household size greater than five (odds ratio: 1.65; 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 2.38), food-insecure households (odds ratio: 1.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.21, 1.82), and menstrual blood flow more than 5 days (odds ratio: 6.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.67, 23.12) were the identified factors associated with anemia among adolescent girls. Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia was moderately high. Therefore, to combat the burden of anemia among adolescent girls offering nutritional education is crucial. Iron supplementation is also recommended for adolescent females who have a menstrual cycle that lasts longer than 5 days.