The use of dyes increases with increasing dye processing industries, especially with textile industries. The persistent nature, environmental toxicity, and carcinogenicity of dyes become the current issue of managing their impact on the ecosystem. Hence various methods of discharging have been reported. Most of the technologies were not effective in the removal process and generate secondary pollutants. However, adsorption supported photocatalytic process becomes a feasible, eco‐friendly, and appropriate technique. Based on these directions, developing such photocatalytic material for dye removal becomes the trend in current research. Thus, this review deals with dye removal through an adsorptive‐assisted photocatalytic process by various hybrid nanocomposite photocatalysts. Particular emphasis on photocatalytic dye degradation progresses by polymer/metal oxide hybrid nanocomposite photocatalysts (metal oxide nanoparticles with conductive, nonconductive, and both conductive & non‐conductive polymers composites) synthesis and dye degradation mechanisms. Besides, the kinetics, efficiency of degradation, and related factors were also assessed. Conversion of dyes to water, carbon dioxide, and other mineralized non‐toxic pollutants makes this technique the most preferred.
Fabrication of a stable, recyclable and eco-friendly photocatalyst for dye treatment is vital in sustaining
a clean ecosystem. In this regard, polyaniline/TiO2 (PANI/TiO2) photocatalyst was immobilized by
zein/hydroxyethyl cellulose (zein/HEC) adhesive to enhance recyclability and catalytic activity. The
blending of zein/HEC/PANI/TiO2 photocatalyst involves in situ oxidative polymerization, followed
by immobilization with zein/HEC functionalized composites. The PANI/TiO2 composite was
successfully grafted with the adhesive through physicochemical interaction, as evidenced by field
emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
and powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) results show that
the photocatalyst has the best thermal stability relative to PANI and PANI/TiO2 in the recommended
range of dye degradation temperature. The effect of external factors like TiO2 nanoparticle proportion,
pH of the solution and catalyst dosage was studied in response to dye degradation capacity. The synthesized
catalyst is efficient to degrade methyl orange in a wide range of pH. The kinetics of the catalysis
reaction obeys the first order kinetics. The maximum degradation efficiency achieved was 97.9% and
84.3% in the presence and absence of light, respectively. The catalyst was easily recovered by decantation
and its catalytic efficacy was more than 94% after 5 cycles. Hence, it is a promising alternative for
decolourizing anionic dyes from wastewater.
Fabricating a stable, recyclable, and eco-friendly photocatalyst for dye treatment is vital in sustaining a clean ecosystem. In this regard, polyaniline/TiO2 (PANI/TiO2) photocatalyst was immobilized by zein/hydroxyethyl cellulose (zein/HEC) adhesive to enhance recyclability and catalytic activity. The blending of zein/HEC/PANI/TiO2 photocatalyst involves insitu oxidative polymerization, followed by immobilization with zein/HEC functionalized composites. The PANI/TiO2 composite was successfully grafted with the adhesive through physicochemical interaction, as evidenced by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) results show that the photocatalyst has the best thermal stability relative to PANI and PANI/TiO2 in the recommended range of dye degradation temperature. The effect of external factors like TiO2 nanoparticle proportion, pH of the solution, and catalyst dosage was studied in response to dye degradation capacity. The synthesized catalyst is efficient to degrade methyl orange in a wide range of pH. The kinetics of the catalysis reaction obeys first order kinetics. The maximum degradation efficiency achieved was 97.9 and 84.3% in the presence and absence of light, respectively. The catalyst was easily recovered by decantation, and its catalytic efficacy was more than 94% after five cycles. Hence, it is a promising alternative for decolorizing anionic dyes from wastewater.
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