Disturbances in lipid metabolism are among the most important risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key protein in lipid metabolism that is also involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction and aherosclerotic plaque development. Studies have shown a connection between PCSK9 and various indicators of inflammation. Signalling pathways that include PCSK9 play important role in the initiation and development of atherosclerotic lesions by inducing vascular inflammation. Studies so far have suggested that PCSK9 is associated with procoagulation, enhancing the development of atherosclerosis. Experimentally, it was also found that an increased concentration of PCSK9 significantly accelerated the apoptosis of endothelial cells and reduced endothelial function, which created conditions for the development of atherosclerosis. PCSK9 inhibitors can therefore improve clinical outcomes not only in a lipid-dependent manner, but also through lipid-independent pathways. The aim of our review was to shed light on the impact of PCSK9 on these factors, which are not directly related to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol metabolism.
Zdravila iz skupine statinov so v zadnjih več kot 20 letih ena najpogosteje predpisovanih zdravil. Poleg znižanja koncentracije holesterola LDL namreč zelo pomembno znižajo srčnožilno obolevnost in umrljivost. Statini kompetitivno zavirajo aktivno mesto reduktaze HMG-CoA prvega in ključnega hitrost omejujočega encima v mevalonatni poti. Ta mehanizem je poleg zmanjšanja vrednosti holesterola LDL najverjetneje odgovoren tudi za večino stranskih učinkov, čeprav za to ni zanesljivih dokazov. Najpogostejši stranski učinki, ki so tudi vzrok za prekinitev zdravljenja, so povezani z mišičnimi bolečinami, čeprav natančne razširjenosti ne poznamo, saj ni enotne definicije teh stranskih učinkov. Drugi stranski učinki so še novo nastala sladkorna bolezen tipa 2, hepatotoksičnost, hemoragična možganska kap in nevrološke motnje. Vsem tem stranskim učinkom navkljub je korist zdravljenja s statini mnogo večja od navedenih stranskih učinkov. Kljub novim terapijam za znižanje holesterola LDL in zato zmanjšani srčnožilni umrljivosti bo terapija s statini še naslednjih nekaj let ostala prva izbira tako pri primarni kot tudi sekundarni preventivi, saj še ni dovolj podatkov o dolgoročni učinkovitosti in predvsem varnosti novih zdravil. Nikakor pa ne smemo zanemariti niti ekonomskega vidika, saj je stroškovna učinkovitost statinov v primerjavi z novimi zdravili zaenkrat še mnogo večja.
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