A reliable electric power system must maintain its operation in stable conditions with the support of various protection system during normal operation or when a fault occurs. To minimize the frequency of blackouts in the system due to interference, transient conditions, or the increased load, this study simulated the load shedding scheme using under-frequency relays (UFR). The analysis was done in ETAP 12.6.0 software using the Transient Stability Analysis feature. In this simulation, discontinuation occurs in the CB (Circuit Breaker) generator which causes the generator to escape from the system in two conditions, namely Peak Load Time (PLT) and Off-Peak Load Time (OPLT). The study simulated scenarios where circuit breakers (CB) tripped due to a fault, which causing a power plant to be disconnected from the grid. The scenarios were simulated in two conditions, during the peak load and off-peak load. The results show that during the peak load, the simulated Load Shedding Scheme 1 to 3 was occurred on the frequency of 49.3918 Hz, 48.72 Hz, and 48.0195 Hz, respectively. The respective disconnected loads on Scheme 1 to 3 were 4.529 MW, 41.84MW, and 59,072 MW while the recovery times were 2.432 s, 0.081 s, and 0.626 s, respectively Meanwhile, in the off-peak load, the UFR tripped at the frequency of 49.3958 Hz, 48.5855 Hz, and 47.75 Hz, the disconnected loads were 3.652 MW, 30.627 MW, and 43.93 MW, and the recovery time were 2.934 s, 0.588 s, and 0.592 s for Load Shedding Scheme 1 to 3, respectively.
Shear strength analysis of the reduced beam section (RBS) on the castellated beam with exterior connection aimed to analyze the structural elements to determine the shear force acting due to cyclic loading. The study was developed from the theory of moments due to shear forces based on the American Institute of Steel’s Prequalified Connection Construction for Special and Intermediate Moment Frames for Seismic Applications (AISC 358-10). This study used an experiment of RBS on a castellated beam with an exterior connection model subjected to cyclic loading. The result shows that the shear strength occurred after the bending failure of the beam.
The performance of RBS (Reduced Beam Section) on the exterior connection structure of castellated beam-column with cyclic loading method was tested on three specimens, which were the steel castellated beam without RBS (WRBSC), castellated steel beam with the RBS-1 (RBSC-1), and castellated steel beams with the RBS-2 model (RBSC-2). The three specimens were designed in an assumption of the strong column-weak beam and other assumptions based on seismic regulations as a condition for earthquake resistant building planning. This study presents the results of each specimen when given a certain structural response. The results also provide a detailed description of the test results starting from lateral axial loads. The lateral force was assumed to be the most dominant force acting in this experimental test, while the gravitational force was considered insignificant. Thus, this test only obtained structural performance when alternating lateral forces (cyclic test) was applied to the column frame structure and castellated steel beams. The values of life safety (LS) for the three specimens were 2.1 while the CP (Collapse Prevention) values of WRBSC, RBSC-1, RBSC-2 reached 4.3, 4.1, and 3.6, respectively.
Shear strength analysis of the reduced beam section (RBS) on the castellated beam with exterior connection aimed to analyze the structural elements to determine the shear force acting due to cyclic loading. The study was developed from the theory of moments due to shear forces based on the American Institute of Steel’s Prequalified Connection Construction for Special and Intermediate Moment Frames for Seismic Applications (AISC 358-10). This study used an experiment of RBS on a castellated beam with an exterior connection model subjected to cyclic loading. The result shows that the shear strength occurred after the bending failure of the beam.
This paper is a continuous study that outlines Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) behavior on high strength concrete with nickel slag as fine aggregate. The percentage of nickel slag substitution as fine aggregate varies from 0% to 100% with an increase of 25%. This laboratory study aims to obtain the effect of seawater curing on the concrete compressive strength. The specimens immersed in seawater for 220 days will provide a SCC behavior assessment towards seawater immersion. The results obtained show that concrete with 25% nickel slag gives the most maximum effect. Compared to concrete without slag, SCC with 25% nickel slag has a higher compressive strength of 17%. Besides, the slump test also showed good condition. All specimens using nickel slag in seawater immersion show greater strength when compared to non-slag concrete. This means that concrete is very suitable at a curing age of 220 days when substituted with nickel slag. The mixture using nickel slag of 100% (SCC100 specimen) illustrates a reasonably stable strength from 28 days of immersion.
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