Objectives The aims of the present study were to monitor, by radiographic examination, the skeletal development of the pelvis and the femorotibial joints of the domestic cat from the first week of life until the closing of the growth plates. Methods Radiographic examinations were collected from 15 domestic cats at weekly intervals during the first month and every 2 weeks from the second to the fourth month of age. After that, examinations were performed monthly until the age of 18 months. Results The ischiopubic growth plate closed at 2 months of age, followed by the fusion of the iliopubic, ilioischial, proximal femoral, greater trochanter and proximal fibular growth plates. The distal femur and proximal tibial growth plates were the last to close, with fusion occurring at 18 months. The mean time to closure of the iliopubic, ilioischial and distal femoral growth plates was shorter in females. The ossification centers first appeared, in ascending order, beginning with the lesser trochanter, followed by the greater trochanter, proximal fibular epiphysis, tibial tuberosity, patella, ischial tuberosity and lateral sesamoid of the popliteus muscle. Conclusions and relevance The complete closure of the growth plates of domestic cats occurs at approximately 18 months of age. Skeletal maturation at approximately 18 months of age is an important parameter to be considered in radiographic evaluation of certain skeletal changes, evolution of fractures and nutritional imbalance.
This paper reports the first case of coenurosis in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. This disease is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia multiceps (Leske, 1780). The animal in which the disease was diagnosed was an 18-month-old ewe from an endemic area of Southern Brazil as an imported animal among a group of 30 sheep. The clinic-pathological condition was that commonly found in herbivores affected by the disease, especially sheep. Apathy, nystagmus, intermittent blindness, circling and pressing head against obstacles were the neurological signs reported. The necropsy showed that a brain lesion in the subcortex of the right hemisphere was a bladder-like cyst measuring 4 cm in diameter filled with a translucent fluid with a large number of white spherules (protoscolices) floating. In addition to the identification of the Coenurus cerebralis protoscolices, the brain tissue lesion was histopathologically described.
This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate by echocardiogram the cardiovascular effects of α2 agents associated with butorphanol in cats. A group of 18 mixed-breed cats with a mean weight of 3.65 + 0.7 kg, with an approximate age of 6 months. The cats were assigned in three groups, XB (Xylazine/butorphanol group) sedation with 0.5 mg/kg of xylazine and 0.5 mg/kg of butorphanol IM; DB (Dexmedetomidine/butorphanol group): sedation with 20 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine and 0.5 mg/kg of butorphanol IM; C: control group which received saline solution in volume approximated to those used in the other groups, IM. Echocardiographic variables as ejection fraction (Simpson's method and M-mode) and left ventricular shortening fraction (M-mode), ejection volume, end-systolic volume and cardiac output (Teichholz), tissue Doppler E' and A' wave velocities and cardiac index were evaluated. There was a reduction in echocardiographic variables compared with the control group, being statistically significant for heart rate, ejection fraction (% by Simpson), shortening fraction (% in M-mode) and end-systolic volume in XB and DB groups, and tissue Doppler E' and A' wave velocity (m/s), E'/A' ratio, cardiac output and cardiac index only in XB group. When compared to each other, XB and DB differed significantly in the tissue Doppler E' and A' wave velocity (m/s), and E'/A' ratio. Xylazine was more deleterious than dexmedetomidine in most of the variables evaluated, leading to a significant reduction in cardiac output and cardiac index at the doses used in this study.
Surgical procedures in pet animals are usually associated with some degree of stress and pain. Hospitalization is one stress-triggering factor. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of stress and pain during hospitalization of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and to investigate the influence of hospitalization on the stress of these animals. Fifteen young adult crossbreed female dogs were divided into two groups: eight animals without surgery (Group 1 - control) and seven animals submitted to surgery (Group 2 - OVH). Pain and stress were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive pain scale (SDS) and modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) were used. Serum cortisol (μg/dL) and glucose (mg/dl) were also measured. No statistical difference was observed for cortisol (μg/dL) between the two groups. Despite the absence of statistical difference between groups and times, mean serum cortisol (μg/dL) values exceeded the normal values for the canine species at various times evaluated. Hyperglycemia was only observed at T4 in the OVH group. It was concluded that the hospitalization of animals was more relevant in the establishment of stress than the surgical procedure and associated pain. The influence of stress was a relevant factor in the results of assessments carried out using the MGPS.
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