A series of novel bis-heterocycles encompassing isoxazolines and triazoles were synthesized through a novel one-pot procedure that involves in situ generation of nitrile oxide and its 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to variedly substituted acrylates. The synthesized bis-heterocycles (8a-l) were subjected to in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays followed by in vivo studies of the more active compounds (8g and 8h) to assess their influence on various aspects of the immune system like ex vivo splenocyte proliferation (T- and B-cell proliferation), antibody production (HA titer), delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, T-cell subtypes (CD4 and CD8), cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-4), NO (macrophage) production, and toxic effects. The results from the in vitro and in vivo studies establish that the tested compounds 8g and 8h possess excellent immunopotentiating activity.
Critical micelle concentration (cmc) is a key parameter of generally used surfactants, and many experimental techniques like tensiometry, conductivity, spectrophotometry, fluorometry, etc. for its determination have been reported. However, these contemporary methods for cmc determination are tedious, are time-consuming, are sensitive, and require sophisticated instrumentation. Herein, we demonstrate that the cmc of the surfactants can be estimated via monitoring the variation in the apparent weight of a density bottle floating in a surfactant solution as a function of surfactant concentration. The proposed method requires the use of a simple weighing balance; a cost-affordable instrument always available in scientific laboratories. The proposed method is simple to execute and does not require any complicated data analysis procedures. As an experimental proof attached to the claim, we demonstrate the estimation of the cmcs of all types of surfactants, viz., anionic, cationic, and nonionic, through the formulated method. The results obtained in terms of cmc values of the chosen surfactants closely match those reported through the use of different standardized protocols. The formulated experimental protocol is desirable in terms of the simplicity of the protocol, accuracy, and reproducibility of the results, and cost and accessibility of the required instrument. All these attributes of the presented protocol qualify it as an appropriate substitute to the modern techniques commonly used for the cmc determination.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.