Plants are exposed to a wide range of toxic and bioactive low-molecular-weight molecules from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Glycosylation is one of the primary sedative mechanisms that plants utilise in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Recently, a range of glycosyltransferases has been characterized in detail with regard to substrate specificity. The next step in increasing our understanding of the biology of glycosylation will require information regarding the exact role of individual glycosyltransferases in planta, as well as an insight into their potential involvement in metabolon-complexes. Hopefully, this will answer how a large number of glycosyltransferases with broad, rather than narrow, substrate specificity can be constrained in order to avoid interfering with other pathways of primary and secondary metabolism. These and other topics are discussed.
Fast capacitance measurements demonstrated that chromaffin cells retrieve membrane by several kinetically different pathways. Here, we show that rapid endocytosis is blocked and slow endocytosis reduced by intracellular application of GTPcS, an activator of G-proteins, but not by the competitive blocker GDPbS. The inhibition of rapid endocytosis by GTPcS can be restored with GDPbS or staurosporine completely. But only staurosporine partially abolishes the reduction of slow endocytosis by GTPcS. Besides triggering exocytosis, GTPcS elicits large exo-and endocytotic vesicles that contributed significantly to the total membrane traffic, indicating a third pathway of membrane shuttle.
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