BackgroundNatural-focal diseases constitute a serious hazard for human health. Agents and vectors of such diseases belong to natural landscapes. The aim of this study is to identify the diversity and geography of natural-focal diseases in Russia and to develop cartographic approaches for their mapping, including mathematical-cartographical modeling. Russian medico-geographical mapping of natural-focal diseases is highly developed regionally and locally but extremely limited at the national level. To solve this problem, a scientific team of the Faculty of Geography at Lomonosov Moscow State University has developed and implemented a project of a medico-geographical Atlas of Russia “Natural-Focal Diseases”.MethodsThe mapping is based on medical statistics data. The Atlas contains a series of maps on disease incidence, long-term dynamics of disease morbidity, etc. In addition, other materials available to the authors were used: mapping of the natural environment, field data, archival materials, analyzed satellite images, etc. The maps are processed using ArcGIS (ESRI) software application. Different methods of rendering of mapped phenomena are used (geographical ranges, diagrams, choropleth maps etc.).ResultsA series of analytical, integrated, and synthetic maps shows disease incidence in the population at both the national and regional levels for the last 15 years. Maps of the mean annual morbidity of certain infections and maps of morbidity dynamics and nosological profiles allow for a detailed analysis of the situation for each of 83 administrative units of the Russian Federation. The degree of epidemic hazard in Russia by natural-focal diseases is reflected in a synthetic medico-geographical map that shows the degree of epidemic risks due to such diseases in Russia and allows one to estimate the risk of disease manifestation in a given region.ConclusionsThis is the first attempt at aggregation and public presentation of diverse and multifaceted information about natural-focal diseases in Russia. Taken in entirety, the maps that have been prepared for the Atlas will enable researchers to evaluate the stability of epidemic manifestation of individual diseases and the susceptibility of a given territory to disease transmission. The results can be used for sanitary monitoring and disease prevention.
ABSTRACT. Public health dynamics is one of the main methodological approaches to study spatiotemporal patterns of the population diseases spreading and to create nosogeographic maps. It is one of validity terms of geographic public health assessment and forecast. Dynamics maps usually show emergence, development, past stages, changes, and movement of analyzed phenomena. Analysis of medical-geographic maps showed that the choice of methods and techniques for elaborating dynamic aspects is limited. The results of comprehensive medical-geographic atlas mapping obtained in the Department of Biogeography and Laboratory of Integrated Mapping (Faculty of Geography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia) have significantly improved this situation and demonstrated the benefits of cartographic approaches and graphic methods of visualization of public health dynamics. However, these benefits as an integral problem has not been fully realized yet and research in this direction should continue.
First generated integrated map "Biomes of Russia" scale 1: 7 500 000 in series nature maps for high school. The concept of maps based on idea of regional biomes, their subzonal and geographic variants, as parts of the biosphere is most fully and adequately reflect the patterns of differentiation of biotic cover. Highlights the scientific and methodological principles for developing content, the choice of indicators to characterize the mapping units-regional biome. as well as a role in the development of biogeographical mapping. It is discussed its role in education, in meeting the challenges the conservation activities and ecology. Введение. Проблема сохранения биологического разнообразия выступает в числе приоритетных при реализации программ устойчивого развития регионов. При этом основное внимание ориентировано на сохранение не только отдельных редких и уязвимых видов биоты, но и на сохранение и поддержание экосистем в целом. Разнообразие отдельных видов на разных уровнях организации биоты и их пространственное распределение относительно полно, хотя и неравномерно, изучено и представлено на картографических моделях, чего нельзя сказать об экосистемах как в плане изученности, так и картографического отображения. В последние годы прослеживается стремление к интегральному системному рассмотрению и картографированию разнообразия биотического покрова на основе экологогеографического подхода. Оно направлено на выявление разнообразия различных групп организмов, раскрытие системообразующих связей и структуры современного биотического покрова на разных уровнях его организации, прежде всего региональном. В представляемой работе региональный анализ биоразнообразия опирается на концепцию биомов, как сочетаний экосистем разного уровня, биота которых наиболее эффективно использует абиотические компоненты среды вследствие определенной, исторически обусловленной адаптации к этим условиям. Представление о биомах начало разрабатываться более четверти века назад [
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