Small and medium entrepreneurship is an important factor in the development and transformation of the Russian economy. Taking this into account, the study of the current employment structure in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is topical. The subject of study is the role of SMEs in the modern Russian economy and the potential for its increase. The aim of the research was to assess the patterns existing sectoral and regional structure of employment in SMEs including individual entrepreneurs. The study was based on official statistical data all SMEs in Russia for 2015. For modeling we used functions of normal distribution, quality of approximation empirical data by these functions was analyzed by tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson, and ShapiroVilk. The hypothesis of research -presence significant differentiation of indicators characterizing the share of SMEs employees by regions in the total number of employed population, as well for types of economic activity. Based on the results of the research hypothesis was confirmed. Trade, manufacturing and real estate operations accounted for the largest share in the total number of SMEs employees. SMEs did not play significant role in fishing and fish farming, mining, education, healthcare, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water, as well as financial sectors. The presence of SMEs development significant reserves in Russia is proved. Identified regions with high and low entrepreneurial climate. The methodology and tools that were used in the research can be applied to similar studies for countries with a significant number of territorial (administrative) units. Government, regional and municipal authorities may use the research results in the practice of formation and implementation of entrepreneurship development projects and programs, including those with the aim to increase its role in the regions and municipalities where SMEs is not sufficiently developed. JEL classification:L26, O13, O25, P25.
Abstract. One of the important questions for innovative environment development is social-economic institutions, which help to decrease transaction cost and risks in small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). Basic institutional framework is represented by a set of specific institutions, which form the innovation environment of the region and have an impact on the activities of the innovation system actors. The proposed set of institutions is divided into two groups: those institutions that directly affect the development of innovative environment and institutions, which influence is indirect, but nevertheless important. The result of analysis of institutions development of Tomsk region and five more innovation-oriented areas of the Russian Federation is given in the article.
The relevance of the study is due to the important role played by small and medium-sized businesses in the vast majority of modern national economies. The aim of the study is to assess the indicators describing the share of early-stage entrepreneurs belonging to five age groups in the total population of the respective age groups in different countries. The baseline data were the results of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project for 2018 among 48 countries and for 2017 among 54 countries. The estimation of differentiation of the considered indicators was carried out with the use of mathematical models representing density functions of normal distribution. The test showed that the developed functions well approximate the empirical data. On the basis of these functions, the average values and intervals of changes in the rates of early-stage entrepreneurial activity for most countries were determined. The study showed that the largest share of early-stage entrepreneurs in the total population is typical for people aged 25 to 44 years. The share of start-up entrepreneurs belonging to the group from 55 to 64 years is significantly lower. The study allowed to identify the countries, which are characterized by high and low values of indicators of early-stage entrepreneurial activity for these age groups.
Results of microbiological monitoring of the environment objects for the presence of Vibrio cholerae were analyzed to estimate epidemiological situation on cholera in the Khabarovsk Territory in the pre-flood and flood periods in 2013. V. cholerae isolation rate, collected from environment objects of the Khabarovsk territory, was studied in dynamics. Carried out was complex microbiological molecular-genetic characteristics and MLVA-typing of V. cholerae El Tor. It was established that the greatest relative density in the structure of the isolated V. cholerae strains belonged to non-О1/О139 serogroup (97,3 %) with its maximum rate of isolation in the high water period. In pre-flood period, 2013 for the first time ever in the Khabarovsk Territory along with V. cholerae non-О1/О139, isolated were potentially hazardous epidemic V. cholerae El Tor serogroup О1 with ctxAB -tcpA + genotype and a unique MLVA profile. The results of the monitoring indicated that there were optimal for V. cholerae accumulation in surface water reservoirs conditions and it was necessary to enhance measures for cholera prophylaxis in the post-flood period.
The levels of the phytotoxicity of soils in different territorial objects of urban landscapes in the south east of Russia (using the example of towns of Saratov and Voronezh regions) are defined. The levels of degradation of soils using the indicators of phytotoxicity are defined with singling out zones of ecological trouble. A conclusion is made about a necessity of ensuring ecological safety in the zones of joint influence of motor transport and stationary sources of pollution of Saratov and Voronezh regions in the context of normalization of the current ecological situation, first of all, on roadside territories. The parameters of phytotoxicity in this case serve as reliable ecological and diagnostic criteria of the control of quality of the soil covering of functional and planning structures adjoining to traffic ways.
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