1] This contribution uses finite-element analysis to simulate microstructural failure processes and the tensile strength of snow. The 3-D structure of snow was imaged by microtomography. Modeling procedures used the elastic properties of ice with bond fracture assumptions as inputs. The microstructure experiences combined tensile and compressive stresses in response to macroscopic tensile stress. The simulated nonlocalized failure of ice lattice bonds before or after reaching peak stress creates a pseudo-plastic yield curve. This explains the occurrence of acoustic events observed in advance of global failure. The measured and simulated average tensile strengths differed by 35%, a typical range for strength measurements in snow given its low Weibull modulus. The simulation successfully explains damage, fracture nucleation, and strength according to the geometry of the microstructure of snow and the mechanical properties of ice. This novel method can be applied to more complex snow structures including the weak layers that cause avalanches. Citation: Hagenmuller, P., T. C. Theile, and M. Schneebeli (2014), Numerical simulation of microstructural damage and tensile strength of snow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,[86][87][88][89]
Two outstanding questions of the ski-snow friction are considered: the deformation mode of the snow and the real contact area. The deformation of hard, well sintered snow in a short time impact has been measured with a special linear friction tester. Four types of deformations have been identified: brittle fracture of bonds, plastic deformation of ice at the contact spots, elastic and delayed elastic deformation of the snow matrix. The latter is the dominant deformation in the ski-snow contact. Based on the measured loading curves the mechanical energy dissipation of snow deformation in skiing on hard snow has been determined and found negligible compared to the thermal energy dissipation. A mechanical model consisting of ice spheres supported by rheological elements (a nonlinear spring in series with a Kelvin element) is proposed to model the deformation of snow in the ski-snow contact. The model can describe the delayed elastic behaviour of snow. Coupled with the complete topographical description of the snow surface obtained from X-ray micro computer tomography measurements, the model predicts the number and area of contact spots between ski and snow. An average contact spot size of 110 lm, and a relative real contact area of 0.4% has been found.
Snow appears as a granular material in most engineering applications. We examined the role of grain shape and cohesion in angle of repose experiments, which are a common means for the characterization of granular materials. The role of shape was examined by investigating diverse snow types with discernable shape and spherical ice beads. Two geometrical shape parameters were calculated from X-ray micro-computed-tomography images after a particle segmentation was performed with a watershed algorithm. Cohesion was examined by conducting experiments at six different temperatures between −40 and −2°C, assuming sintering as its cause, which accelerates with increasing temperature. As a cohesionless reference, experiments with glass beads were performed. We found that both shape and cohesion exerted about equally strong influence on the angle of repose. We utilized our results for an empirical model that describes the influence of shape and cohesion as additive corrections of the angle of repose of cohesionless spheres and explains all experiments with a correlation coefficient r2 = 0.95. With temperature and the chosen shape parameter as fitting variables, previous experiments with another snow type could be consistently included. The experiments highlight the relevance of these parameters in granular snow mechanics and can be used for model calibration.
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