In this article, the parameters of the proportional-integral (PI) controller of the wind turbine (WT) emulator, i.e., proportional and integral gain of the PI controller, are optimized using a black widow optimization algorithm (BWOA). The proposed system is developed and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink environment. The performance of the BWOA optimized PI controller is compared with a BAT algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithm optimized PI controller to measure the effectiveness of the proposed control system. The developed system is tested for different operating conditions such as static wind speed settings, static pitch angle conditions, step-change in wind speed settings, and step-change in pitch angle settings. Finally, the proposed system is realized in real-time by hardware experimentations. The results of the experimentation are compared with simulation results as well. The presented simulation and hardware result shows good agreement, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method. Thereby, the proposed optimization-based PI-controlled wind emulator can be recommended for emulating the characteristics of any type of WT with a low-cost system.
Summary
In this article, particle swarm optimized proportional integral (PI) controlled DC‐DC buck converter‐based proton‐exchange membrane fuel cell emulator has been proposed to test the maximum power point tracking algorithm and battery charging controller. Particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the proportional gain (Kp) and integral gain (Ki) of the proportional integral controller for emulating the characteristics of the PEM fuel cell. The simulation model of the proposed PEM fuel cell emulator is created and tested using MATLAB Simulink package. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed PEM fuel cell emulator, it is tested under different operating conditions. The polarization characteristics of the PEM fuel cell emulator are compared with PEM fuel cell reference model. The suitability of the PEM fuel cell emulator has been tested with MPPT algorithm and MPPT battery charging controller. Also, real‐time testing of the proposed PEM fuel cell emulator has been realized through experimental set up and the corresponding results are analyzed.
Multilevel Inverters are incorporated in this modern world for medium and high-level applications for its adaptability to improve power quality problems. Its necessity is growing big in developing newer techniques and topologies for efficient implementation of DC to AC conversion system. Developing the MLI using less active switching components, less switching losses on active devices and improvement of number of voltage levels is always a tough task. A step forward to solve this problem is to modify the existing H-bridge multilevel inverter to produce Symmetrically Modified Laddered H-Bridge Multi-level Inverter (SMLHB -MLI). Comparative analysis has been carried out with other reputed existing MLI topologies to find out the performance and reduces complexity problem in inverter based on reduced switching methods in inverter side, reduction of active switching components and power diodes
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