The hole transporting materials in perovskite solar cells have received significant attention in recent years as a promising materials capable of developing high performance photovoltaic devices at low cost.
The promising photovoltaic solar cells based on the perovskite light-harvesting materials have attracted researchers with their outstanding power conversion efficiencies (over 23% certified). The perovskite work has geared up in just under a decade and is competing with well-established semiconductor technologies such as silicon (Si), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe). To commercialize the perovskite solar cells, their stability is the major concern. To address the stability issue, several factors need to be taken into account, and one of them is developing stable hole transport materials (HTMs), which are the essential building blocks. In this mini-review, we will discuss the important features of the HTMs, such as design and development of phenothiazine-based HTMs. Since phenothiazine is a low cost and stable molecule compared to the spiro-OMeTAD, it can be modified further via molecular engineering.
For the first time we report the design and syntheses of phosphonite coordinated ruthenium(II) sensitizers bearing ĈN̂N ligand and/or terpyridine derivatives carboxylate anchor (GS11, GS12. and GS13) and its application for hydrogen production over Pt-TiO2 system. These heteroleptic complexes exhibit broad metal-to-ligand charge transfer transition band over the whole visible regime extending up to 900 nm. DFT calculations of these complexes show that the HOMO is distributed over the Ru and Cl atom whereas; LUMO is localized on the polypyridile ligand, which are anchored on TiO2 surface. Among the sensitizers tested for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, GS12 exhibited a maximum turnover number (TON) 8605 (for 8 h), which is very high compared to the reference sensitizer (N719) with TON 163 under similar evaluation condition. The dependence of the hydrogen evolution rate at different pH using GS11, GS12, GS13, and DX-1-sensitized Pt-TiO2 has been studied and the maximum H2 production yield was obtained at pH 7 for all sensitizers.
We have systematically tuned the spectral response of black dye using the co‐sensitization technique. In this study we have selected two co‐sensitizers coded as AK‐01 and U01. The individual overall conversion efficiencies (η) of these co‐sensitizers AK‐01 and U01 are 6.20% and 6.01%, respectively. A better power conversion efficiency of 10.21% and 10.56% of DSSC was observed when black dye was co‐sensitized with AK‐01 and U01, respectively, compare to individual single black dye (9.18%). Both AK‐01 and U01 co‐sensitizers effectively overcome the light absorption of redox electrolyte and improved the dip in the incident‐photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency spectra at 350–420 nm region compared with single black dye. Intensity‐modulated photovoltage spectroscopy result shows the longer lifetime of black dye+U01 compared to the black dye which suggest the robust U01 dye sufficiently suppressed the recombination of electrons in the TiO2 with redox electrolyte without any interaction with black dye when co‐adsorbed on TiO2.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received much attention in recent years owing to their efficient conversion of sunlight to electricity. DSSCs became successful alternatives to silicon photovoltaic devices by virtue of their low fabrication costs and easy preparation methods. In DSSCs the dye plays the key role. This review summarizes the applications of osmium sensitizers in DSSCs. We also briefly discussed their synthesis and the effect of various electrolyte systems on device efficiencies.
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