Grain yield and yield components (grains per ear, grain weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, ear seed ratio and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed) were examined in a wheat genotype (PBW-343) with well-®lled grains and a Triticale genotype (DT-46) with poorly ®lled grains (showing grain shrivelling) grown in pots. Six days after anthesis (DAA), benzyladenine (BA) @2 mg ear À1 and abscisic acid (ABA) @4 mg ear À1 were injected at the base of the mother shoot ear in both species. It was observed that, in both wheat and Triticale, BA increased the grain weight, grain number and partitioning of dry matter between ear and seed, whereas ABA decreased the grain weight, grain number and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed. However, these decreases were slower in Triticale than in wheat. BA treatment increased the grain dry matter accumulation, which in turn resulted in better ®lling of grains and increased the grain weight in both wheat and Triticale. The average grain weight of Triticale was lower than that of wheat. Thus, it appears that variation in grain weight between wheat and Triticale might be due to dierent availabilities of growth-promoting phytohormones such as cytokinins and assimilates.
A B S T R A C TThe biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the reduction of aqueous silver metal ions during revelation to both fresh, dry tuber extract and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial activity of sweet potato were studied. Tuber extract of sweet potato was prepared for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles under different reaction time. The prepared materials were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). During incubation period, the intensity of colour increased and its characteristic absorption was recorded at 428 and 439 nm. X-ray diffraction showed that the average particles size 4.77 and 5.6 nm. The FT-IR spectra of the tuber extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles revealed the reducing and capping actions of biomolecules such as amine, peptide, amide, lactone, polyphenol groups in protein linkages and it was found to be involved in the stabilization and biosynthesis of AgNPs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed silver nanoparticles was pure and the sizes were ranging from 1-10 µm. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant and effective antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. Thus, green synthesis seems to be cost effective and alternate to conventional methods of silver nanoparticles synthesis. No synthetic reagent were used in this investigation and thus it is an environmentally safe method with potential for biomedical and agriculture application.
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