Background:Cancer has become one of the ten leading causes of death in India. Breast cancer is the most common diagnosed malignancy in India, it ranks second to cervical cancer. An increasing trend in incidence is reported from various registries of national cancer registry project and now India is a country with largest estimated number of breast cancer deaths worldwide.Aim:To study the factors associated with breast cancer.Objectives:To study the association between breast cancer and selected exposure variables and to identify risk factors for breast cancer.Materials and Methods:A hospital based Case control study was conducted at Shirdi Sai Baba Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Manipal, Udupi District.Results:Total 188 participants were included in the study, 94 cases and 94 controls. All the study participants were between 25 to 69 years of age group. The cases and controls were matched by ± 2 years age range. Non vegetarian diet was one of the important risk factors (OR 2.80, CI 1.15-6.81). More than 7 to 12 years of education (OR 4.84 CI 1.51-15.46) had 4.84 times risk of breast cancer as compared with illiterate women.Conclusion:The study suggests that non vegetarian diet is the important risk factor for Breast Cancer and the risk of Breast Cancer is more in educated women as compared with the illiterate women.Limitation:This is a Hospital based study so generalisability of the findings could be limited.
Background: Sleep disturbance negatively affects recovery and survival of patients in intensive care units (ICUs).Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to measure the noise levels and evaluate the impact of a white noise app on the sleep quality of critically ill patients.Design: A quasi-experimental time series pre-test-post-test control group design with repeated measures was adopted.
Methods:The study was conducted in the high dependency unit (HDU) of a selected tertiary care hospital in Mangalore, Karnataka State, India. Conscious oriented patients with systolic blood pressure ranging from 100/70 to 140/90 mm Hg and hearing acuity of at most 20 dB in both ears were included in the study. Noise levels in the HDU were measured using calibrated sound level meter on weekdays/ weekends in three different shifts and an average of 24 readings was obtained per shift. A 4-point Likert scale was used to assess the sleep quality. The intervention included administration of white noise app twice a day, for three consecutive days by using different masking sounds such as white noise on day 1 which resembles to a humming AC conditioner, pink noise on day 2 which resembles to the sound of ocean waves and brown noise on day 3 which resembles a steady rainfall. The app was used with the help of JBL earphones C10SI an excellent noise cancellation and noise isolating earphone.Results: Among the 54 subjects, the mean age of the patients was 40.28 years, majority 34 (63%) were males. The noise level in the ICU was more than 60 dB. There was a significant difference in the sleep quality after the application of the white noise app in the experimental group on Day 1 (Z = À3.996; P = .001), Day 2 (Z = À3.302; P = .001), and Day 3 (À2.822; P = .005) compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Adoption of technology driven noise reduction applications wouldenhance the quality of sleep among the ICU patients.Relevance to clinical practice: The use of a technology-driven application helps control noise levels which promotes improved sleep quality among critically ill patients in the intensive care units.
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