Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is defined as rupture of membranes before the onset of labor which is caused by maternal intrauterine infection which increases with the duration of membrane rupture seen in one third cases of all preterm birth. The primary complication for the mother is risk of infection, complications for the newborn consists of prematurity, foetal distress, cord compression, deformation and altered pulmonary development. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the outcome of neonates born to mothers with PROM and know the incidence of adverse outcomes in neonates and the incidence of early onset sepsis following PROM more than 18hours in mothers who have not received intrapartum  antibiotics.Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted in between December 2015 to November 2017 in which 100 neonates born to mothers with history of Premature rupture of membranes admitted in Konaseema Institute and Medical Science and Research Foundation, Amalapuram were selected for this study. They were evaluated with various investigations by a written proforma and outcomes of these neonates were studied.Results: Out of 100 cases of PROM 54 had 18-24 hours duration, 38 had 24-72hours and 8 had more than 72 hours duration of PROM. According to swab culture organism found were E Coli in 22, Staphylococcus in 20, Klebsiella in 12, Pseudomonas in 8 cases with rest 38 cases showed no growth. 49 out of 100 cases show morbidity with Respiratory distress being the most common with 37 cases followed by septicaemia with 8 cases. Morbidity are more in the neonate with longer duration (>24hrs) of PROM. Mortality increases progressively as the duration of PROM increases.Conclusions: In neonates born after PROM of >24 hours, risk of maternal infection, neonatal morbidity and mortality is more compared to those with PROM of shorter duration. Active management is needed to enable delivery within 24 hrs of premature rupture of membranes as it is associated with better neonatal outcome compared to longer latency period.

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Oxidative stress is experienced potentially by all aerobic life when antioxidant defenses are overcome by prooxidant forces. Evidence indicates that the health of aquatic organisms might also be linked to oxidative stress (Di Giulio et al. 1989). Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is considered to be an important feature in cellular injury. Lipid peroxidation largely results from free radical reactions in membranes, which are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The reactive oxygen forms which are produced during oxidative stresses potentially damage cells and tissues (Machlin and Bendich 1987). The literature reports the oxyradical generation, antioxidant enzyme and scavenger responses in marine molluscs (Wenning and Di Giulio 1988; Livingstone et al.1989). Of particular colicern are processes by which environmental contaminants may enhance the oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. Moreover the epidemiology of highly elevated rates of ideopathic lesions and neoplasia among some aquatic animals is related increasingly to oxidative stress associated with environmental pollution (Malins et al. 1988).In this work we studied the effectiveness of the antioxidant defense systems in relation to the cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation process in the freshwater crab Barytelphusa guerini. This edible crab is an important component of the paddy field ecosystem. The potential for pollution-enhanced oxyradical generation and the operation of antioxidant cellular defenses in crabs has not been addressed and, therefore, offers possibility for detecting the biological impact of pollution. Also the activity of xanthine oxidase which is indicative of superoxide radical generation (McCord 1985) was measured. MATERIALS AND METHODSHealthy male crabs Barytelphusa guerini weighing 24±0.5gm collected from an unpolluted river around Hyderabad were held in 50 L plastic containers at room temperature 27±0.50°C for 15 d. Crabs were ted fish ad libitum A density of 10 crabs per 8 L of tapwater was used with 10 individuals in each test container. The physico-chemical characteristics of the test water were as follows : pH 7.2-7.4; dissolved oxygen 7.8-8.0 mg/L; salinity 0.19%; chlorinity 0.110 gm/L; alkalinity 102 mg/L; hardness of water 112 mg/L (as CaCO 3 ) and CO 2 2.08 mg/L. A stock solution of cadmium chloride was prepared in deionized water and mixed

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