The primary aim of in vitro culture of whipworms (Trichuris ovis) is to provide artificial conditions under which the life cycle of the parasites completed outside the host under controlled conditions. The physiological solutions used for the present study were sodium chloride (0.64%), Ringer's solution, Tyrode's solution, and Lock-Lewis solution. Parasites were collected from freshly slaughtered intestine of the host. The recovered parasites were washed with running tap water after that with normal saline. After washing parasites were put in four petridishes containing different physiological solutions. Observations were recorded after interval of every 8 h. The hundred percent survival of Trichuris ovis was observed at 32, 40, and 48 h in NaCl (0.64%), Ringer's, Tyrode's, and LockLewis solution, respectively in case of both male and female parasites. In sodium chloride solution (0.64%) cent percent mortality was observed after 64 h of incubation in males and in case of females it was observed 72 h. In Ringer's solution cent percent mortality was observed after 72 in males and in females it was observed 80 h. In Tyrode's solution cent percent mortality was observed after 88 h in males and 96 h in females. In Lock-Lewis solution cent percent mortality was observed after 96 h in case of both the male and female parasites. Present study could be used to understand the effects of various drugs on the above parasites and also other intra-intestinal parasites.
This book chapter primarily discusses various applications and historical developments of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications in financial sectors, specially from the perspective of Indian capital markets. AI and ML are unique technologies that may be used in a variety of sectors. Especially for financial sectors, these bring a lot of advantages, such as Lesser human bias; quicker resolution of issues; cheaper than human labor; greater reach and impact; increasing client involvement; and reducing fraudulent activity. It also talks about various challenges, and charts the future outlook of AI and ML applications. AI and ML will persist to have a growing influence on the finance industry in the upcoming times.
The provision of affordable housing is a pressing challenge that exists around the globe. Successful completion of affordable housing projects is, therefore, of great significance in both developed and developing countries. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for affordable housing projects. To achieve this a comprehensive review of international literature is conducted to identify relevant factors. Nine groups of CSFs were formed, namely: Policy and government support; Land and planning process; Role of Financial Institutions and funding aspects; Sustainability; Designing and materials selection; Approvals, procedures, and clearances; Project management and value engineering; Infrastructure development of Project; and Facility Management. Subsequently, a survey is conducted with experts in India in order to validate and rank the criticality of the identified success factors in the Indian context. Expert rankings are provided for a range of affordable housing products. The results indicate that ‘policy and government support’, ‘land and planning process’, ‘role of financial institutions and funding aspects’ and ‘approvals, procedures and clearances’ are generally the top four CSFs for affordable housing projects. However, the results also indicate that importance of the CSFs was found to vary across different housing products (social, public, and private housing and rental and ownership models). A secondary objective of this paper is to identify differences in approaches to the implementation of the established CSFs in practice. The paper presents a case study comparison between India (a lower-middle income country) and the UK (a high income developed country). Pune in India and London in the UK are compared to determine how well countries of different income levels are achieving the established CSFs. Results suggests a variation in the local contexts in the delivery of successful affordable housing and it is found that developed countries are better at government support and policies, land planning, and incentives to developers for affordable housing delivery.
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