Efficient and sustainable electric power supply is needed for effective healthcare delivery, provision of quality education system, and building of impactful social/human infrastructures. Unrestricted access to reliable and affordable electricity will improve people's welfare and enhance quality healthcare delivery globally. The need to reduce the harmful impact of Greenhouse gas emissions along with its fossil fuel emissions have necessitated the need for the numerous research interests in low-carbon power generation systems. The feasibility and techno-economic analysis of an off-grid Solar Photovoltaic (PV)/Biomass (BG)/Diesel (DG)/Battery (BB) hybrid system for a rural village-Kajola, Nigeria was conducted in this paper. Renewable energy sources (RES) parameters such as irradiation data, biomass resources, and DG parameters were collected from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’ database, Ekiti State Ministry of Agriculture and manufacturers’ price lists respectively. The load demand assessment of the area was conducted and analyzed through the use of questionnaires. All the relevant data collected were used as input into the HOMER software. The optimal configuration is the PV-BG-BB combination. The Levelized Cost of Energy (COE) is $0.178/ kWh, with renewable energy fraction (RF) of 100%. This means that nearly all of the energy used by the hybrid system to meet the load is generated from renewable sources. The proposed solar PV/Biomass generator/Battery bank hybrid energy system can supply electricity to the village under consideration at an hourly average of approximately 52.7 kW and with an average daily energy need of 483.71 kWh. The study will serve as a template for all electric power system stakeholders and potential investors on the feasibility and optimal design of hybrid renewable energy system for rural electrification.
A stable, reliable and uninterrupted power supply is one of the basic requirement for economic, social and industrial growth of any nation. Electricity generation capacity in Nigeria is grossly insufficient for the growing demand and there is a need to incorporate small hydropower (SHP) schemes which can be installed in some of the available rivers and streams that are scattered around the country to complement the energy shortage and deficiency. This paper investigated the viability of Elemi river, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria for a small hydropower scheme as a possible source of off-grid electricity generation to solve the incessant power outages in the three major higher institutions within its catchment. The power demand of the three higher institutions was estimated using questionnaires. The hydrological data for the study area for 11 years spanning 2005 to 2015 were collected and analyzed to determine the flow duration curve (FDC). The mean average velocity of the stream was calculated as 1.21m/s, with average annual flow discharge of 45.9 m3/s, and an average minimal flow of 9.1 m3/s. The average mean estimated hydro power potential obtainable using a diversion scheme is 2.21MW. It was discovered that the yield capacity of Elemi river for power generation with a diversion scheme could not provide the power requirement for any of the 3 higher institutions within its course due to its relatively flat terrain with the maximum derivable head of 8 m. A recommendation for the construction of a dam for an impounded scheme with a minimum gross head of 20 m, which adequately serve the needs, of at least one of the Institutions is made.
The assessment of the management of the municipal solid waste (MSW) in Ado Ekiti being undertaken by Ekiti State Waste Management Board (ESWMB) was done using questionnaires distributed randomly to the users and government operatives of the service. The questionnaire responses were on a five-point scale, similar to the Likert’s scale, but not bipolar. The data was collected from the users of the main dumpsters, which are located at Opopogboro, Ajilosun, Atikonkon, Oja Oba and Odo Ado areas of the city. Also, the data from the operatives was collected from the driver and four labourers designated to collect waste from each dumpster. The people’s rating index (PRI), which was calculated from the weighted value of the responses to different questions, was used to determine the overall index value whose maximum value is 100. The rating was classified into five categories- bad, fair, fairly good, good, very good and excellent, to enable pragmatic assessment of each issue being assessed. The rating of the users varies from fair to fairly good while the rating of the operatives varies from fair to very good. The general better rating of the operatives compared to the users indicate the reason the state government is oblivious of the poor status of the management of the municipal solid waste (MSW) in Ado Ekiti. The findings in this study suggest that the state government needs to hold a stakeholders summit on effective management of MSW in Ado Ekiti. With this, critical issues relating to urgent need for improvement and increased funding from non-governmental organisations and the federal government will be resolved. In conclusion, the approach used in this study, which is not symmetrical and includes the perception of primary stakeholders appears to be pragmatic and suitable for foundational appraisal of the management of a basic MSW system.
A study of the prevailing management of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Ado Ekiti, a city in the southwest of Nigeria was undertaken using desk and field studies. The composition of the MSW derived from on-site waste sampling comprised plastics (28%), food (26%), paper/cardboard (14%), metal (7%), rubber (6%), textile (6%), glass (4%), leather (4%), fines less than 10mm (3%) and wood (2%). Analysis of the MSW shows that the calorific value is greater than the required minimum value of 7 MJ/kg required for applicability of incineration. However, the criteria for a regular supply of refuse derived fuel (RDF) of at least 50,000 metric tons per year required for the applicability may not be met. Furthermore, incineration of the MSW may not be applicable due to its relatively expensive installation costs. An integrated MSW framework comprising reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery (composting), incorporation of the informal sector; public private partnership (PPP); public enlightenment and enforcement of regulatory laws on sanitation is proposed. Active participation of PPP is vital to the implementation of the framework. An engineered landfill is proposed as none exists in Ado Ekiti.
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