A yellowish-brown bacterium was isolated from photoheterotrophic enrichment cultures obtained from water samples of an aquaculture pond at Bhimunipatnam, India. Enrichment and isolation in a medium containing 2 % NaCl (w/v) yielded strain JA125 T , the cells of which were rod-shaped and non-motile. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain JA125T belongs to the class Alphaproteobacteria and is closely related to the type strains of Rhodovulum iodosum (96 %), Rhodovulum adriaticum (95 %), Rhodovulum robiginosum (95 %), Rhodovulum sulfidophilum (94 %) and Rhodovulum marinum (94 %).
Three 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (P1L, P4L and P8L) were constructed using three soil samples (P1S, P4S and P8S) collected near Pindari glacier, Himalayas. The three libraries yielded a total of 703 clones. Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were common to the three libraries. In addition to the above P1L and P8L shared the phyla Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes and Planctomycetes. Phyla Chlamydiae, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, Dictyoglomi, Fibrobacteres, Nitrospirae, Verrucomicrobia, candidate division SPAM and candidate TM7s TM7a phylum were present only in P1L. Rarefaction analysis indicated that the bacterial diversity in P4S and P8S soil samples was representative of the sample. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that P1S and P8S were different from P4S soil sample. PCA also indicated that arsenic content, pH, Cr and altitude influence the observed differences in the percentage of specific OTUs in the three 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. The observed bacterial diversity was similar to that observed for other Himalayan and non-polar cold habitats. A total of 40 strains of bacteria were isolated from the above three soil samples and based on the morphology 20 bacterial strains were selected for further characterization. The 20 bacteria belonged to 12 different genera. All the isolates were psychro-, halo- and alkalitolerant. Amylase and urease activities were detected in majority of the strains but lipase and protease activities were not detected. Long chain, saturated, unsaturated and branched fatty acids were predominant in the psychrotolerant bacteria.
The bacterial diversity of two soil samples collected from the periphery of the Roopkund glacial lake and one soil sample from the surface of the Roopkund Glacier in the Himalayan ranges was determined by constructing three 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. The three clone libraries yielded a total of 798 clones belonging to 25 classes. Actinobacteria was the most predominant class (>10% of the clones) in the three libraries. In the library from the glacial soil, class Betaproteobacteria (24.2%) was the most predominant. The rarefaction analysis indicated coverage of 43.4 and 41.2% in the samples collected from the periphery of the lake thus indicating a limited bacterial diversity covered; at the same time, the coverage of 98.4% in the glacier sample indicated most of the diversity was covered. Further, the bacterial diversity in the Roopkund glacier soil was low, but was comparable with the bacterial diversity of a few other glaciers. The results of principal component analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene clone library data, percentages of OTUs and biogeochemical data revealed that the lake soil samples were different from the glacier soil sample and the biogeochemical properties affected the diversity of microbial communities in the soil samples.
Rhodobacter vinaykumarii sp. nov., a marine phototrophic alphaproteobacterium from tidal waters, and emended description of the genus Rhodobacter A rod-shaped, phototrophic, purple non-sulfur bacterium was isolated in pure culture from seawater collected from the seashore of Visakhapatnam, on the east coast of India, in a medium that contained 2 % NaCl (w/v). Strain JA123 T was Gram-negative and non-motile and had a requirement for NaCl. Photo-organoheterotrophic and chemo-organoheterotrophic growth occurred with organic compounds as carbon sources and electron donors. Photolithoautotrophic, chemolithoautotrophic and fermentative growth could not be demonstrated. Strain JA123 T contained vesicular intracellular photosynthetic membrane structures. Bacteriochlorophyll a and probably carotenoids of the spheroidene series were present as photosynthetic pigments. Biotin was required for growth. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JA123 T clustered with species of the genus Rhodobacter. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and morphological and physiological characteristics, strain JA123 T is sufficiently different from other Rhodobacter species to propose a novel species, Rhodobacter vinaykumarii sp. nov., to accommodate this strain; the type strain is JA123 T (5DSM 18714 T 5JCM 14544 T 5CCUG 54311 T ).The genus Rhodobacter was established to separate species of purple non-sulfur bacteria with certain characteristics, i.e. those that have vesicular internal membranes and oval to rod-shaped cells, divide by binary fission, contain carotenoids of the spheroidene series, and have a number of differing molecular taxonomic characteristics, from other species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas (Imhoff et al., 1984). At present, the genus Rhodobacter comprises five species [Rhodobacter massiliensis (Greub & Raoult, 2003) has been reclassified recently as Haematobacter massiliensis (Helsel et al., 2007)]; the currently recognized species are Rhodobacter capsulatus (Imhoff et al., 1984), Rba. sphaeroides (Imhoff et al., 1984), Rba. blasticus (Kawasaki et al., 1993), Rba. veldkampii (Hansen & Imhoff, 1985 and Rba. azotoformans (Hiraishi et al., 1996). The marine representatives of the genus, Rhodobacter adriaticus (Imhoff et al., 1984), Rba. euryhalinus (Kompantseva, 1985) and Rba. sulfidophilus (Imhoff et al., 1984), have been transferred to the genus Rhodovulum based on their habitat, salt requirement and separate clustering from their freshwater counterparts and formation of a distinct clade based on 16S rRNA gene analysis (Hiraishi & Ueda, 1994). Six more species in the genus Rhodovulum have also been proposed: Rhodovulum iodosum (Straub et al., 1999), Rdv. imhoffii (Srinivas et al., 2007a), Rdv. marinum (Srinivas et al., 2006), Rdv. robiginosum (Straub et al., 1999, Rdv. strictum (Hiraishi & Ueda, 1995) and Rdv. visakhapatnamense (Srinivas et al., 2007b). Other marine phototrophic members of the Alphaproteobacteria (growing with 1-12 % NaCl) belong to the genera Rhodospira, R...
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