An
approach for estimating at the DFT level of the standard redox
potentials of the inclusion compounds based on Fe(III) and Fe(II)
aqua complexes inside the cavities of cucurbit[n]urils
(n = 6–8) has been proposed. These inclusion
compounds were established to have compositions which can be described
by the formulas [Fe(H2O)6]3+/2+@CB[6]
and [Fe(H2O)6·4H2O]3+/2+@CB[7,8]. Redox potentials E
0 relative
to the standard hydrogen electrode for the half-reaction Fe(III)/Fe(II)
in the CB[n] cavities calculated at the PBE/TZVP
level within the molecular-continuum solvation model are 1.607, 0.949,
and 0.847 V for n = 6, 7, and 8, respectively. The
obtained values indicate a relative increase of the oxidative ability
of Fe(III) aqua-ions in the cavities of the examined CB[n], especially in CB[6], compared to the calculated value (E
0 = 0.786 V) for the same half-reaction in the
bulk of aqueous solution. Possible causes of the detected trend are
discussed. The calculations also showed that the Fe(III) aqua complex
inside the CB[6] changes its magnetic properties, transforming into
a low-spin state with a total spin S = 1/2, whereas
for all other systems high-spin states in accord with the classical
ligand field theory are realized.
Results of DFT calculations of the structure and thermodynamics of formation of aqua and tetraammine Cu(II) complexes inside CB[n] (n = 6,8) are presented in this study. Formation thermodynamics of the complexes in the cavitands was evaluated by taking into account the most probable number of water molecules inside CB[n]. In this methodology, the complexation was first considered as a substitution reaction in which the guest complex displaces partially or completely the water molecules that are located inside the cavity. The water molecules present in the cavitand were shown to play an important role in the fixation of the guest complex inside the cavity due to the hydrogen bonds with the oxygen portals. The hydration of Cu(II) ion inside CB[6] leads to the formation of an inclusion compound with the formula {[Cu(H2O)4]2+·2H2O}@CB[6] while in CB[8] {[Cu(H2O)6]2+·4H2O}@CB[8] is formed. For the binding of tetraammine Cu(II) complex, CB[8] was determined to be a significantly more suitable “container” than CB[6]. Both a direct embedding of this complex into the CB[8] and another mechanism in which ammonia molecules replace the water molecules in the Cu(II) aqua complex, preexisting in CB[8] were determined to be thermodynamically possible. Both these lead to the formation of the resultant inclusion compound described by the formula {[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+·4H2O}@CB[8].
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