We extend the phase modulation method by in-plane diffractions from plane wave incidence to point source of surface plasmon polariton (SPP). A well-defined SPP focus is successfully realized from a point source under the diffraction by a carefully designed nanohole array, which is easy to layout in the future integrated optical circuits. With this method, the SPP Airy beam and finite plane wave are demonstrated as well, proving a general applicability of this modulation method. The proposed method and realized functions are expected of benefits for the future integration optics.
The simulation of internal climate variability is key to understanding climate change. Internal fluctuations can fully obscure or amplify the underlying climate-change signal in many fields over years to decades. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is an important mechanism that dominates interdecadal climate variations. Here, the capacity of 36 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models for reproducing the PDO during the period 1901-2014 was evaluated across spatial pattern, amplitude, periodicity and phase aspects. The results suggested that approximately 71% of the models were capable of capturing the spatial pattern of the PDO. However, most of the other models underestimated the percentage of the variance explained and the pattern amplitude. CMIP6 models can capture the periodicity over shorter periods (<20 yr), while most CMIP6 models underestimate the periodicity of the PDO on the interdecadal scale (60 yr periods). In particular, the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the raw PDO index showed that most CMIP6 models could capture the unimodal probability distribution. Some of the models were able to reproduce the bimodal probability distribution of the PDO index filtered by the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. Moreover, the findings also showed that the multimodel ensemble (MME) for 36 CMIP6 models could effectively capture the spatial pattern and periodicity over a shorter period (<20 yr) of the PDO. Moreover, the MME exhibited higher fidelity to the observation in the PDF of the PDO index, although the positive area was larger than the observation. These findings are crucial because they may help detect simulation gaps and provide valuable references for the design and applicability of future models worldwide.
Study question What is the effect of exposing the embryo to discrete wavelengths of light on preimplantation development and resultant offspring health? Summary answer Exposure of embryos to red or yellow wavelengths negatively impacted embryo health, pregnancy rate and resulted in offspring that were heavier at weaning. What is known already Previous studies have indicated a potential negative impact of shorter wavelengths of light on embryo health. Red and yellow wavelengths are widely considered benign and utilised clinically in time-lapse equipped incubators within IVF clinics. However previous studies had not uniformly and correctly irradiated embryos to enable a fair comparison between different wavelengths. Study design, size, duration A current aim of the field is to use optical imaging to predict embryo developmental potential. Such approaches use varying wavelengths of light. The impact of irradiating the embryo with discrete wavelengths of light is not fully understood. Here, we assess the impact of various wavelengths on the developing embryo and for the first time, ensured that the energy dose applied was consistent between wavelengths, thus mimicking fluorescence and time-lapse imaging (470 – 620 nm). Participants/materials, setting, methods Preimplantation mouse embryos were exposed daily to blue (470 nm), green (520 nm), yellow (590 nm) or red (620 nm) wavelengths and compared to embryos that were not exposed. We assessed embryo development, DNA damage, and postnatal outcomes following transfer to pseudopregnant recipients. Main results and the role of chance We found exposure to the yellow wavelength significantly impaired embryo development to the blastocyst stage (P < 0.05). While exposure to blue, green and red wavelengths resulted in significantly higher levels of DNA damage when compared to unexposed embryos (P < 0.05). The pregnancy rate was significantly lower when embryos were exposed to the red wavelength (P < 0.05). Interestingly, resultant offspring were significantly heavier when derived from red or yellow light exposed embryos compared to those derived from unexposed embryos (P < 0.01). Towards understanding the effect on offspring weight we assessed intracellular lipid abundance in the embryo. We found lipid abundance to be significantly elevated following exposure to yellow wavelength (1.8-fold, P < 0.0001) but not red. We believe that the role of chance is low as results were collected from multiple independent experimental replicates that were tested using appropriate statistical analyses. Limitations, reasons for caution While we demonstrate the distinct impacts of discrete wavelengths of light on the developing mouse embryos including post-natal effects, confirmation of these results in human embryos is required. Wider implications of the findings Red and yellow wavelengths are utilised clinically in time-lapse equipped incubators within IVF clinics. Our results demonstrate the potential need to re-evaluate these assumptions. Mapping the stress tolerance embryos show for each wavelength may be advantageous in identifying how damage can be mitigated in clinical manipulation and imaging techniques. Trial registration number not applicable
We introduce a cross plasmonic antenna (CPA) for the system of multiple quantum emitters (QEs) with different emission wavelengths, where the excitation light scattering and emission fluorescence of different QEs are spatially separated in four different directions. By considering the CPA as oscillating dipoles, this phenomenon is attributed to the phase differences between them. The enhancement for QEs are very strong in correponding directions. In addition, the fluorescence is strongly polarized. By adding a silver plate as substrate, the directivity can be further tuned in the whole upper half space. Our result shows that the CPA is promising for realization of an efficient, directional and strongly polarized nano-scale light source, which will have potential application in Nano-Optics.
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