Our previous research indicated that dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) had a significant effect on the antigenicity of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG). In this study, aggregation and conformational changes subjected to DHPM (0.1-160 MPa) were investigated in relation to antigenicity. When DHPM pressure increased from 0.1 to 80 MPa, disaggregation of β-LG samples and partial unfolding of the molecule were accompanied by an increase in β-LG antigenicity, which was reflected in the decrease of particle size, increase of free sulfhydryl (SH) contents and β-strands contents, and slight exposure of aromatic amino acid residues. At pressures above 80 MPa, the reaggregation of β-LG may contribute to the decrease in antigenicity, which was reflected by an increase in particle size, the formation of aggregates, a decrease of in SH and β-strands contents, and slight changes in aromatic amino acid residues. Aggregation and conformational changes of β-LG under DHPM was related to its antigenicity.
Wild animals are considered reservoirs for emerging and reemerging viruses, such as the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies have reported that bats and ticks harbored variable important pathogenic viruses, some of which could cause potential diseases in humans and livestock, while viruses carried by reptiles were rarely reported. Our study first conducted snakes’ virome analysis to establish effective surveillance of potential transboundary emerging diseases. Consequently, Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Retroviridae, and Parvoviridae were identified in oral samples from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, Elaphe dione, and Gloydius angusticeps based on sequence similarity to existing viruses. Picornaviridae and Adenoviridae were also identified in fecal samples of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus. Notably, the iflavirus and foamy virus were first reported in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, enriching the transboundary viral diversity in snakes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed that both the novel-identified viruses showed low genetic similarity with previously reported viruses. This study provided a basis for our understanding of microbiome diversity and the surveillance and prevention of emerging and unknown viruses in snakes.
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