Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a switching technology. MPLS-TP is a progressive version of MPLS in the field of packet switched data network. MPLS-TP is a high-end technology which implements network methodologies in a transport layer. For managing virtual private network(VPN) services, MPLS is of developing enthusiasm to the service providers (SPs) and furthermore to VPN customers. MPLS-enabled routers allot a few labels to the packets, and in view of these allocated labels it produces sending decisions. The prime expectation after the MPLS technology is to eliminate the need of OSI model data link layered
(layer-2) technology i.e. frame relay, Ethernet, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). This paper gives data about the components of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), correlation of MPLS with traditional Routing and Packet Switching, MPLS label format and MPLS operation.
A novel minimum bit-error rate (MBER) space–time-equalization (STE)-based multiuser detector (MUD) is proposed for multiple-receive-antenna-assisted space-division multiple-access systems. It is shown that the MBER-STE-aided MUD significantly outperforms the standard minimum mean-square error design in terms of the achievable bit-error rate (BER). Adaptive implementations of the MBER STE are considered, and both the block-databased and sample-by-sample adaptive MBER algorithms are proposed. The latter, referred to as the least BER (LBER) algorithm, is compared with the most popular adaptive algorithm, known as the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. It is shown that in case of binary phase-shift keying, the computational complexity of the LBER-STE is about half of that required by the classic LMS-STE. Our simulation results demonstrate that the MBER ST-DFE assisted MUD is more robust to channel estimation errors as well as to potential error propagation imposed by decision feedback errors, compared to the MMSE ST-DFE assisted MUD.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.