Background. Recent researches points out that musical training might have a positive influence on human cognitive domain and working memory improvements are thought to mediate this influence. However, there is some discrepancy among results of researches dealing with working memory testing of musicians and non-musicians.Materials and Methods. The participants were the students who for 10-15 years had been engaged in regular musical practice (musicians) and their peers who had no previous musical experience (non-musicians). A computerized working memory test for letters, digits and shapes with successive presentation of stimuli was applied in the current study.Results. Musicians and non-musicians did not differ in the overall number of mistakes and latency of responses made in all subtests for letters, digits and shapes. The left hand made significantly more mistakes than the right one in both groups, but this regularity was more typical of non-musicians. The right hand responded faster than the left one while doing all subtests in both groups, but such a motor asymmetry was more evident for nonmusicians. Musicians mostly did not demonstrate an increase in latency of responses with task complexity growing from set to set of stimuli, while non-musicians did.Conclusions. The efficiency of working memory test performance did not differ among musicians and non-musicians. Musicians have tighter interhemispheric cooperation during the memory test and that was indicated by a lesser motor asymmetry. Musicians have almost equal latency of responses regardless of task complexity, while non-musicians require more time for responding to stimuli during growing task complexity, probably because of using different search patterns in working memory or tighter interhemispheric cooperation.
We measured characteristics of evoked potentials, EPs, developing after presentation of significant tonal acoustic stimuli in subjects systematically engaged in music training (n = 7) and those having no corresponding experience (n = 10). The peak latencies of the P3 component in the left hemisphere of musicians were significantly shorter than those in non-musicians (on average, 279.9 and 310.2 msec, respectively). Musicians demonstrated no interhemisphere differences of the latencies of components N2, P3, and N3, while a trend toward asymmetry was obvious in non-musicians (the above components were generated somewhat later in the left hemisphere). The amplitudes of EP components demonstrated no significant intergroup differences, but the amplitude of the P3 wave was higher in the left hemisphere of non-musicians than that in the right hemisphere. Possible neurophysiological correlates of the observed specificity of EPs in the examined groups are discussed.
Постановка проблеми. В сучасних умовах інтенсифікації розумової праці, темпу життя зростає психоемоційне та соціальне напруження, яке може загрожувати не лише особистості, але і суспільству. З метою запобігання або хоча б зменшення таких негативних чинників все більшого значення набуває системне дослідження властивостей психофізіологічних функцій. Розробкою таких методик займаються у різних країнах світу, враховуючи національні особливості, потреби, стандарти [1, 2, 3]. Розвиток нових комп'ютерних технологій вимагає створення нових адекватних методик, які б могли використовуватись як для наукових досліджень, так і для практичних цілей.Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій.Дослідження виконавчих функцій надзвичайно важливе як з теоретичної точки зору, так і в медичній практиці [2, 3]. Одним із найпоширеніших методів вимірювання таких функцій є дослідження ефекту Струпа [4]. За парадигмою Поффенберга досліджують міжпівкульне перенесення інформації. У нашому попередньому дослідження була використана методика, за якою ефект Струпа фактично «накладається» на ефект Поффенберга [5]. При цьому, ймовірно, був відкритий базовий механізм міжпівкульної взаємодії за умов такого когнітивного навантаження, а саме легше перенесення інформації із лівої півкулі у праву, ніж у зворотному напрямку [6]. Подразники у цьому тесті подавались у
Multichannel recording of EEG in 11 subjects, who were three times subjected to the emotional Stroop task (in the presence of words with negative emotional loading, neutral words, and inhibitory verbal stimuli), demonstrated that the spectral power of the high-frequency subcomponent of the alpha-rhythm in the left hemisphere increased sequentially under these conditions. Modifications of EEG, in general, were indicative of noticeable transformation of informational flows related to the learning effect and decrease of the cognitive "pressure" due to habituation to the effects of emotionally neutral and inhibitory verbal stimuli. Data related to the EEG pattern agree with the results of measurements of a behavioral index (decrease in the time of sensorimotor reaction).
The Emotional Stroop Effect (ESE) is the result of a greater delay in naming colors of written emotional words than colors of written neutral words, because of shifting attention to emotionally meaningful information. ESE is mainly used in psychopathology surveys, but its application is also promising for solving applied psychophysiological problems, from professional screening and neuromarketing to detecting lies and detecting threats from emotionally unstable individuals. Because the ESE is sensitive to testing conditions, various modifications to the Emotional Stroop Test (EST) have been investigated. Within the subtests, neutral and emotional (negatively coloured) words were presented. The inclusion of distractors in subtests (target words, names of plants and animals that were not required to be answered by keystrokes) complicates the task, which manifests itself in a considerable extension of the reaction time. When performing a task with significant cognitive load, the left hand responds to emotional stimuli longer than the right. The results obtained may indicate the formation of a special system for processing emotional information in the right hemisphere, while the left hemisphere focuses on the cognitive task. It is likely that in the case of increased cognitive load, the subsystems for processing emotional and cognitive information operate relatively autonomously, inter-hemispheric interaction is enhanced, and functional asymmetry is reduced. As cognitive pressure decreases, functional asymmetry is likely to increase inter-hemispheric interaction, and ESE is not detected. The obtained values of latent periods of reaction to emotionally significant and neutral stimuli can be used to develop scales and criteria for evaluating a person's emotional reactions when it is needed.
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