We show that primordial nucleosynthesis in baryon inhomogeneous big-bang models can lead to significant heavy-element production while still satisfying all of the lightelement abundance constraints including the low lithium abundance observed in population II stars. The parameters which admit this solution arise naturally from the process of neutrino induced inflation of baryon inhomogeneities prior to the epoch of nucleosynthesis. These solutions entail a small fraction of baryons ( < ∼ 2%) in very high density regions with local baryon to photon ratio η h ≃ 10 −4 , while most baryons are at a baryon-tophoton ratio which optimizes the agreement with light-element abundances. This model would imply a unique signature of baryon inhomogeneities in the early universe, evidenced by the existence of primordial material containing heavy-element products of proton and alpha-burning reactions with an abundance of [Z] ∼ −6 to −4.

We study the r-process nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds of gravitational core collapse SNeII. Appropriate physical conditions are found for successful r-process nucleosynthesis, which meet with several features of heavy elements discovered recently in metal-deficient halo stars. We find also several difficulties which are not explained in the present wind models. We discuss quests for new insights in nuclear physics, astrophysics, and astronomy.

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The solar abundances provide a concept of universality that the abundance ratios of the p-nucleus to the s-nucleus with the same atomic number are almost constant with the wide region for materials produced by individual stellar nucleosynthesis episode. We study this universality using γ-process calculations with core-collapse supernova explosions under various conditions. The calculated results show that the γ-process under the various conditions can occur but the ratios are almost constant with the wide region independent of the conditions. The shift of γ-process layers, weak s-process and the β -decay after the γ-process contribute to the manifestation of the universality.