В сравнительном аспекте рассматриваются нефтегазоматеринские формации древних платформ России-Сибирской и Восточно-Европейской-и нефтегазоносность, обусловленная реализованным потенциалом этих формаций. Приводятся сравнительные характеристики нефтегазоносности трёх главных нефтегазоносных бассейнов древних платформ-Лено-Тунгусского, Волго-Уральского и Тимано-Печорского. При всей степени разведанности этих нефтегазоносных бассейнов отчётливо проявляется качественноколичественная связь нефте-и газоносности с характером генетических источников углеводородов и особенностями геоисторического развития. Ключевые слова: нефтегазоматеринская формация, нефтегазоносный бассейн, древние платформы, нефтегазоносность Сибирской и Восточно-Европейской платформ. Введение Нефтегазоносность любого осадочного бассейнавне зависимости от его масштабовопределяется наличием в нём нефтегазоматеринских формаций или горизонтов (НГМГ), то есть осадочно-породных объектов формационного уровня, обогащённых органическим веществом (ОВ). Количество, тип (фазовый состав) и размещение углеводородных скоплений в нефтегазоносном бассейне (НГБ) детерминируется общим объёмом НГМГ, их положением, концентрацией и фациально-биоценотическим типом ОВ в НГМГ и, наконец, онтогенетической эволюцией последних. Естественно, нефтегазоносность, в особенности размещение скоплений углеводородов (УВ), определяется не только наличием НГМГ, их качеством и состоянием, но и другими геологическими факторами, прежде всего наличием резервуаров, экранирующих горизонтов и разнотипных ловушек. Однако, эти перечисленные факторы необходимы, но не являются достаточными, ибо при отсутствии генетического источника УВ самые лучшие ловушки, заключающие самые совершенные резервуары, в отношении УВ окажутся пустыми. В предлагаемой статье рассматривается, в сравнительном аспекте, связь нефтегазоносности с нефтегазоматеринскими формациями древних платформ России. Для начала несколько замечаний. 1. В пределах Сибирской платформы рассматривается Домезозойский (Лено-Тунгусский) мегабассейн, занимающий почти всю её площадь, за исключением Анабарского
The sedimentary cover of the Timan–Pechora petroleum basin records several phases of tectonic activity in the area: rifting and incipient ocean opening; a passive margin setting with intracontinental rifts and aulacogen, an intrashelf depression and inversion swells; collisional orogeny with the development of a foredeep; vertical isostatic movements associated with the development of a late syneclise and renewed orogenic movements. The deposition of source and reservoir facies occurred during the divergent phases of the tectogenesis (Ordovician–Tournaisain). The formations that accumulated during a convergent tectonic regime (Visean–Triassic) comprise mostly reservoir rocks. Because of thermal maturity of organic matter, the sedimentary rocks in the area span the broad range of oil and gas generation zones. The identified hydrocarbon kitchen areas were developed in different geodynamic settings: in the east of a passive margin, within rift-related troughs, and in the Ural foredeep. The first two were more liquids-prone fairways, with predominant oil and condensate generation, whereas the latter was largely a gas- and gas-condensate-generative source. The change of structural settings, the extension of oil and gas kitchens, variation of the regional dip, and recurrent faulting caused both the formation of new play fairways and the destruction of existing ones. The new oil-prone fairways that formed synchronously with the onset of intense oil generation might have later evolved into oil- and gas-prone fairways or even oil-, gas-, condensate-prone fairways at the expense of the gas component of petroleum systems, which is thought to increase as a source rock generating mostly oil became capable of generating oil, gas, and condensate. In addition, tectonically active zones may provide the most favorable conditions for the formation of gas and gas-condensate accumulations due to a decrease in formation pressure and expulsion of a free gas phase or due to its updip migration from great depths. Analysis of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation conditions provided insights into the evolution of a petroleum system of each play and transformation of a sedimentary basin into a petroleum basin. The study revealed the areal distribution patterns for oil and gas plays. The long-lived oil-prone plays are confined to a series of paleouplifts within the Izhma–Pechora and Khoreiver tectonically stable blocks. Oil-, gas-, and condensate-prone plays are associated with a tectonically active setting (Pechora–Kolva aulacogen and Timan block), whereas mostly gas- and condensate-prone plays are found within the Ural foredeep.
Main food products of Russians are cereals, various meat and fish. The phenomenon of Russian and another national cuisines are balance of main nutrients in their dishes. Traditional Russian dishes are different kinds of porridge and culinary products made of cereals. Grits themselves are the source of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, fiber, vitamins of B group, biologically active substances and minerals but unbalanced grain protein in amino acid content is considered to be a serious deficiency. There is the lack of lysine, threonine, tryptophan in the majority of grains, so vegetable protein is digested and processed harder than animal protein. That is why, while developing compositions of dishes, it is necessary to consider availability and digestibility of the protein. Level of digestion of protein can be estimated during the process of digestion of food products by the system of ferments in vitro. In this work you can see the results of the research of amino acid composition of protein and their hydrolyzates after enzymatic hydrolysis in boiled grains. It can be seen that hydrolyzates have bigger coefficient of utilized protein and lower percentage of unutilized protein comparing with untreated grits. According to these results they developed two-, three-, four-component compositions from buckwheat, barley, oats and millet grains and elaborated more than 100 optimal compositions of dishes from grains.
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