Scholars have recently begun to reconsider the importance of emotions, suggesting that they are cultural constructions integral to human identity and social life.Most of these studies, however, have ignored the medieval period, focusing instead on the "civilizing process"-that is, the supposed development of social etiquette and selfrestraint-that is assumed to have begun in the early modern period. This dissertation demonstrates that emotion was in fact a complex identity discourse well before the Renaissance and was fundamental to the construction of pre-modern social categories like gender. Exploring four masculine communities-clergymen, knights, university students, and merchants-I show that each community was shaped and constrained by a particular emotional ethos. Middle English poets were keenly aware of these constraints and their work often challenged the culture's emotional regimes.I focus on literary texts from the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries because they were created during a time of heightened emphasis on the role of the emotions in shaping selves and communities. In the years after the Black Death, England witnessed significant demographic shifts and economic volatility that resulted in dramatic transformations in the nation's social landscape. Peasant rebellion, labor shortages, migrant clergy, and an influx of foreign merchants radically altered the structure of English society during these years. As a result, the institutions and ideologies that defined English masculine identity began changing in ways not seen before. Poets not surprisingly turned to the lexicon of emotion to negotiate these disruptions; in so doing, they offered English men new ways of understanding themselves in the face of rapid cultural change. The chapters examine a range of Middle English poems-the Alliterative Morte Arthure, St. Erkenwald, Chaucer's Reeve's Tale, and Lydgate's Bycorne and Chychevache-that illuminate particular emotions (anger, compassion, grief, and sorrow) and their significance to codes of masculinity. I argue that these four 2011 All Rights Reserved Graduate College ___________________________________ Glenn Ehrstine ii For Liam and Ophelia iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to offer my sincere thanks to all who shaped and contributed to this dissertation. Claire Sponsler, Jonathan Wilcox, and Kathy Lavezzo have each influenced my scholarly development and I am grateful for their generosity and support over the past six years. I also wish to thank Glenn Ehrstine and Adam Hooks for their insightful readings, questions, and critiques along the way. I am particularly grateful to Claire Sponsler, who has been an extraordinary mentor throughout the dissertation process. Her critical insight and ongoing support for my project has proven to be invaluable. She is also the best writing coach I have ever had. The University of Iowa"s Department of English supported my project with the Frederick F. Seely Distinguished Dissertation Fellowship, which not only allowed me to focus on research and writing for ...
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