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It is reasonable to expect that the global dispersal of modern humans was influenced by habitat variation in space and time; but many simulation models average such variation into a single, homogeneous surface across which the dispersal process is modelled. We present a demographic simulation model in which rates of spatial range expansion can be modified by local habitat values. The broadscale vegetation cover of North America during the late last glacial is reconstructed and mapped at thousand-year intervals, 13,000-10,000 radiocarbon years BP. Results of the simulation of human dispersal into North America during the late last glacial are presented; output appears to match observed variation in occupancy of habitats during this period (as assessed from discard rates of diagnostic artefacts), if we assume that intrinsic population growth rates were fairly high and that local population densities varied as a function of environmental carrying capacity. Finally, a number of issues are raised relating to present limitations and possible future extensions of the simulation model.

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We present a detailed experimental and theoretical study of the optical response of suspensions of ferromagnetic nanoparticles (''ferroparticles'') in nematic liquid crystals (''ferronematics''), concentrating on the magnetic field-induced Frederiks transition. Even extremely low ferroparticle concentrations (at a volume fraction between 2 Â 10 À5 and 2 Â 10 À4 ), induce a significant additional ferronematic linear response at low magnetic field (<100 G) and a decrease in the effective magnetic Frederiks threshold. The experimental results demonstrate that our system has weak ferronematic behavior. The proposed theory takes into account the nematic diamagnetism and assumes that the effective magnetic susceptibility, induced by the nanoparticles, no longer dominates the response. The theory is in good agreement with the experimental data for the lowest concentration suspensions and predicts the main features of the more concentrated ones. The deviations observed in these cases hint at extra effects due to particle aggregation, which we have also observed directly in photographs.

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We investigated the physical properties of low concentration ferroelectric nematic colloids, using calorimetry, optical methods, infrared spectroscopy and capacitance studies. The resulting colloids normally remain homogeneous, but the nematic orientational coupling is significantly amplified. In particular cases, the nematic orientation coupling increases by 10% for particle concentrations of 0.2%. A manifestation of the increased orientational order is that the clearing temperature of a nematic colloid increases up to 40 Celsius degrees compared to the pure LC host. A theoretical model is proposed in which the ferroelectric particles induce local dipoles whose effective interaction is proportional to the square of the orientational order parameter.PACS numbers: 64.70. Md, 82.70.Dd, Colloids in which the solute is liquid crystalline (LC) are known to possess an extremely rich set of behaviors [1,2,3,4,5]. The anchoring between the LC and microcolloidal particles ( 1µm) can produce long-range orientational distortions around the particles. This results in strong inter-particle interactions -sometimes repulsive and sometimes attractive -in the mesophase. The interactions can give rise to well-ordered structures of particles in the liquid crystal matrix (both lattices and chains) [2,3]. However, in most cases a prerequisite for interesting LC colloidal behavior has been a high concentration dispersion, typically with particle volume fraction c part 30%. In such systems aggregated particles produce director distortions extending over macroscopic scales. These suspensions scatter light strongly, and possess unique structural, mechanical, electro-and magneto-optical properties [5,6].Recently, we have shown that even at low concentrations (c part 1%), LC colloids differ strongly from the pure host material [7,8,9,10]. These colloids consist of submicron ferroelectric particles suspended in the LC host. In these systems, unlike in classic LC colloids, the suspensionmatrix interaction is insufficient to disturb the LC orientation. This small concentration dramatically increases the dielectric anisotropy, significantly decreases the Freedericksz transition voltage, and significantly accelerates electric field-induced director reorientation.In this letter, we report results which show that these phenomena are general properties of liquid crystal suspensions containing ferroelectric colloidal nanoparticles. The addition of impurities normally decreases the nematic clearing temperature T N I [11]. However, our measurements show massive increases in T N I , of the order of 40 • C, for mass impurity concentrations of the order of 0.2%. These results imply an increase in the effective nematic interaction parameter. Measurements of the birefringence, dielectric anisotropy and order parameter in the suspension are consistent with this picture.We have also constructed a theoretical model. The ferroelectric particles in the suspension produce large electric fields in their neighborhood. These electric fields produce induce...

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