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FOREWORD The Compressed A i r Energy Storage (CAES) Technology Program i s funded by t h e D i v i s i o n o f Energy Storage Technology (EST) o f t h e U.S. Department o f Energy (DOE). The program i s charged w i t h developing t h e advanced technology base necessary f o r t h e c y c l i c a l storage o f compressed a i r i n geologic r e s e r v o i r s by e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s . Low c o s t baseload e l e c t r i c i t y , a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g off-peak periods, i s used t o compress a i r and d e l i v e r i t t o t h e underground r e s e r v o i r . The p o t e n t i a l mechanical energy i s u t i l i z e d t o generate e l e c t r i c i t y d u r i n g peak-load periods. T h i s storage technique reduces o r e l i m i n a t e s t h e burning o f f l u i d f o s s i l f u e l s t h a t c u r r e n t l y power i n e f f i c i e n t peaking t u r b i n e generators. The i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s technology r e q u i r e s e f f e c t i v e l i a i s o n among t h e government sponsor, prime and subcontractors, e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s and t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a r c h i t e c t -e n g i n e e r i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s , machinery manufacturers, and environmental s p e c i a l i s t s . T h i s document provides these o r g a n i z a t i o n s w i t h t h e l a t e s t research on s t a b i 1 i t y t o p i c s s p e c i f i c t o CAES u s i n g s o l ution-mined s a l t c a v i t i e s f o r a i r storage. C u r r e n t l y , t h e o n l y CAES o p e r a t i o n a l f a c i l i t y i n t h e w o r l d i s l o c a t e d a t Huntorf, West Germany. T h i s CAES f a c i l i t y uses two solution-mined s a l t caverns f o r a i r storage and has been o p e r a t i n g s u c c e s s f u l l y f o r more than 2 years. S t a b i l i t y c r i t e r i a f o r s o l u t i o nmined s a l t caverns from t h e H u n t o r f f a c i l i t y and r e c e n t f i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s r e p o r t .SUMMARY The s t a t e o f knowledge about u t i l i z a t i o n o f solutionmined s a l t c a v i t i e s f o r CAES i n c l u d i n g l a b o r a t o r y experiments, numerical modeling, f i e l d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , s o l u t i o n mining experience, and operating parameters i s o u t l i n e d i n t h i s r e p o r t . S a l t caverns f o r CAES systems wi 11 undergo d a i l y cycles o f pressure, temperature, and humidity. Effects t h a t could damage t h e cavern must be c o n t r o l l e d . Topics evaluated i n r e c e n t studies include: cavern geometry and s i z e longterm creep and creep r u p t u r e o f rock s a l t e f f e c t s o f pressure and temperature l o a d i n g r a t e s low frequency f a t i g u e , coupled w i t h c y c l i c pressure, temperature, and w e t t i n g c o n d i t i o n s progressive d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f s a l t f a b r i c w i t h p o s s i b l e a i r p e n e t r a t i o n cavern m o n i t o r i n g methods s a l t p r o p e r t i e s a t nonambient...
Technical and Economic Assessment o f F l u i d i z e d Bed Augmented Compressed A i r Energy Storage System-System Load F o l l o w i n g C a p a b i l i t y , R. D.
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