The texture of 10 milled rices cooked by a standardized method in excess water was measured in 11 laboratories using various instrument methods that had been developed specifically for national samples. The samples selected represented a wide range of rice textures. Instrument indexes for hardness and stickiness of cooked rice generally were more sensitive than the corresponding taste panel scores in discriminating among the 10 cooked rice samples. Instrument indexes for hardness correlated positively among each other as did those for stickiness. Most hardness indexes showed significant negative correlation with stickiness indexes. Most hardness indexes were positively correlated with amylose content whereas stickiness indexes were negatively correlated with amylose content. The continued use of amylose content as an index of eating quality in a rice breeding program is justified.' Chairman-organizer of the Cooperative Testing. Journal of T e x t u r e S l u d i e s 1 2 (1981) 17--38 A 11 Righls Rcseroed W o p y r r p h l 1981 by Food Q Nulrrtion Press. Inc , Wc,slporl, Conneclicul E ! z c M U 0 3 z 0 " m c3 ' Based on oven moisture method except cooperator 1 which was based on increase in weight of cooked rice uncorrected for solubles

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Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune modulator that promotes immunosuppression by binding to programmed death-1 of T-lymphocytes. Although tumor cell PD-L1 expression has been shown to be associated with the clinical response to anti-PD-L1 antibodies, its concise regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated the associations of tumor PD-L1 expression and immune cell infiltrating patterns in 146 cases of early lung adenocarcinoma (AC) to investigate the possible extrinsic regulation of tumor PD-L1 by immune cells. Using immunohistochemistry, cell surface PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was observed in 18.5% of stage 0-IA lung AC patients. Tumor PD-L1 positivity was significantly associated with stromal invasion, which was accompanied by increased tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), CD8 + cytotoxic T cells and FoxP3 + regulatory T cells. Among these immune cells, TAM and CD8 + T cells significantly accumulated in PD-L1-positive carcinoma cell areas, which showed a tumor cell nest-infiltrating pattern. Although CD8 + T cells are known to induce tumor PD-L1 expression via interferon-ɣ production, the increased TAM within tumors were also associated with tumor cell PD-L1 positivity, independently of CD8 + T cell infiltration. Our in vitro experiments revealed that PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cell lines was significantly upregulated by co-culture with M2-differentiated macrophages; expression of PD-L1 was reduced to baseline levels following treatment with a transforming growth factor-β inhibitor. These results demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating TAM are extrinsic regulators of tumor PD-L1 expression, indicating that combination therapy targeting both tumor PD-L1 and stromal TAM might be a possible strategy for effective treatment of lung cancer. K E Y W O R D SB7-H1 antigen, macrophages, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, transforming growth factor beta, tumor microenvironment