It was discovered in 2022 that the world's northernmost infrasound array (I18Dk; the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), monitoring station in Northwest Greenland) was recording coherent infrasonic signals that peaked during summer (Evers et al., 2022). Most of this inaudible energy (1-5 Hz) had been propagating from the direction of the nearest land-terminating glacier for the past 18 years (Figure 1a). Similar signals have been recorded in the same region using a temporary infrasound array, with these observations linked to another land-terminating glacier (Podolskiy et al., 2017). Both studies noted daily variations in the recorded acoustic signals, and they hypothesized that these signals might be from radiating air-pressure waves that were generated by glacial runoff (Evers et al., 2022;Podolskiy et al., 2017).Although these previous studies could not distinguish the sources of the low-frequency acoustic signals (<20 Hz) that were recorded a few kilometres from the corresponding glaciers, both suggested that there was potential to monitor runoff remotely via an analysis of these propagating air-pressure waves. There are three additional reasons that have motivated the use of passive acoustic monitoring to monitor glacial discharge.1. In situ streamflow monitoring is a labor-intensive process, thereby highlighting the need for remote monitoring approaches. Acoustics offers one such possibility. However, further investigations are required to assess its feasibility due to a number of poorly understood factors affecting noise, such as air/sediment entrainment, magnitude of water flux, and streambed geometry (Gauvain & Anderson, 2022).
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