Hydrogen offers high combustion qualities and therefore is chosen as a propellant for the national aerospace plane (NASP). The low density of hydrogen is a major inconvenience; therefore, a solid-liquid mixture called SLUSH hydrogen is used to increase the density and cooling capacity. In this paper, a two-phase mixture is modeled using separated flow model in which the mathematical equations are written separately for each phase where different properties and velocities are considered for each phase. Mass, momentum, energy equations, and interfacial phenomena equations are developed with the inclusion of drag force, virtual mass force, mass and momentum transfer, and interfacial shear stress. turbulence effects are treated and multiparticle drag correlations are used. Results for pressure drop across a 1.5 in. Schedule 5S vacuum-jacketed pipe show good agreement comparing it with earlier experimental data and numerical analysis.
This article focused on the OES (optical emission spectra) for silver (Ag) plasma by the stimulate of laser breakdown spectroscopy process. The intensities of emission line also parameters for plasma were measured in order to detect the specific relation of laser pulse energies. Density number of electron (ne), as well temperature (Te) have been calculated by Blotzmann polt process either by McWhirter criterion. Measured values of (ne) and (Te) are in the range of (6064 to 4507K) and (ne) is (2.3x1017 to 3.7x1017 cm-3) at the fundamental wavelength (1064nm), and for case of (Ag- bulk) the value of electron temperature was (6564, 5228 to 4507 K) The number of electron density (9.36x1016 to 1.19x1017cm-3). The common trends of the results are the temperature of electron (Te) leads to increase precipitously due to the increase of laser pulse energy. Since, as the energy increases the electrons density increases.
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