Intellectual and copyright protection is one of the major issues faced by copyright owners. Easy access to Internet and all the digital media such as audios, images, digital documents and videos, poses great threat to copyright owners as their work gets manipulated, forged, redistributed conveniently through illegal means. As an effective solution to this problem, concept of Digital Watermarking has been used. Watermarks can be of the form images, text, binary logos, signatures, and numbers. They are used for storing information about the copyright owner, source of data, and authentic users. In the proposed work, video watermarking technique has been shown highlighting comparative analysis of db wavelets based on different quality parameters. Each of the db wavelets is applied on the randomly selected frames from the input coloured video using random number that works as a key for the proposed extraction algorithm. It is shown that not all db wavelets support watermarking scheme. Out of 45 wavelets, 12 db wavelets were applicable for watermarking. The original watermark image and the extracted watermark image are then used as the basis against various quality parameters to check if the imperceptibility of the watermark is retained after watermark extraction. The proposed watermarking scheme is imperceptible against various quality parameters such as Peak-signal-to-noise ratio, Mean-square error, maximum difference, and normalized absolute error.
Digital Watermarking has become essential in today's scenario because lots of digital data has become distributed all over the internet. The access to internet has become very simple and inexpensive for users in the past 15 years due to the rapid technological advancement. Therefore the possibility for the various digital attacks like forgery, damaging the digital data, stealing, copying and alteration of the digital information has also increased. In such situations, it has become significant to use a protecting mechanism that can protect the digital data and its copyright protection of the owner of digital data. Digital watermarking is a very efficient solution to this problem. Digital watermarking is a technique that embeds a watermark in the host digital data that stores the copyright information about the data. The proposed watermarking scheme is implemented in frequency domain using wavelet transform. In this paper, db wavelets are analyzed for the watermarking schemes. There are 45 db wavelets, each of them is analyzed with respect to watermarking scheme and resultant db wavelets are given as the output which wavelets are supporting the watermarking scheme. Each of the resultant wavelet is tested against the quality parameter such as Mean Square Error, Maximum Difference, and Normalized Cross Correlation, Structural Count, and Normalized Absolute Error and Peak-Signal-To-Noise ratio.
Scale deposition has been known to occur in porous media when the existing fluid becomes supersaturated based on changes in the ambient pressures and temperatures. Studies have been performed on the generation of mathematical models for evaluating scales in radial flow. Scaling is a well-known problem in producing wells, and prediction models from thermodynamic and kinetic aspects have been provided, and methods have been addressed in the industry to solve this problem. In this study, calcite deposition in the reservoir during CO2 injection processes is evaluated deterministically. Limited studies have been performed on calcite scaling in porous media with a reservoir simulation tool. CO2 EOR and sequestration has been widely analyzed. However, the mineralization factor has only been looked at from a CO2 storage point of view. Some light on the possible effects of calcite precipitation has on oil production. Calcite scaling tends to reduce the cross-sectional flow area for fluids in the pores, thus resulting in a permeability reduction which hampers levels of oil production. In order to quantify scale deposition in porous media, four different simulation cases were studied: 1. CO2 storage in an aquifer model, 2.CO2 EOR in a Light-Oil reservoir model, 3.CO2 storage in an aquifer-like lab-scale core model along with sensitivities. For the field-scale aquifer case, the effect of temperature, salinity, and heterogeneity on calcite deposition in the aquifer. CO2-EOR along with miscible and immiscible CO2 flooding were studied, to visualize the presence of calcite precipitation and its impact on oil recovery.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.