Maps are created for different purposes. Among the various types of maps, cadastral maps are created by cadastral surveying. Cadastral maps are used for management of land and land-related activities by Government organisations or other institutions in various countries. Cadastral map making is both an art and a science, and the data about a surveyed land parcel are collected and incorporated in cadastral maps. Technological development has resulted in the development of simple methods for cadastral mapping. The Indian cadastral system for the state of Tamil Nadu is described in this paper. The challenges of conversion while scanning conventional paper-based land records to make digital records are explained. The procedure for selecting an appropriate projection system for scanned digital conventional records is elaborated on. A statistical application for identifying the nature of the data is shown. An inverse ranking system is used to identify a suitable projection system. Projection research is important in cadastral mapping when digitally processing a large number of land records in a country. The described method is effective for identification of a suitable projection system. Keywords: Cadastre; Conventional and Modern Survey; Projections. RESUMOMapas dão evidências ao desenvolvimento da civilização neste mundo, os quais são criados para muitos propósitos. Entre os vários tipos de mapas, os mapas cadastrais são criados para estudos cadastrais e são úteis para o gerenciamento do uso da ocupação da terra e as atividades a ela relacionadas por organizações governamentais ou institucionais dos países. A elaboração de maps cadastrais é uma arte e uma ciência onde vários dados a respeito dos lotes de terreno são coletados, Projection analysis for cadastral mapping.Bol. Ciênc. Geod., sec. Artigos, Curitiba, v. 19, n o 4, p.729-745, out-dez, 2013. 7 3 0 estudados e incorporados aos mapas cadastrais. O desenvolvimento tecnológico facilitou as maneiras de produzir mapas cadastrais. O sitema cadastral da India, no estado Tamil Nadu, é apresentado nesta pesquisa. Os desafios da conversão digital a partir de documentos convencionais baseados em dados do terreno para dados digitais são trabalhados. Os desafios da conversao de documentos analógicos de registro da terra para dados digitais são explicados. Apresenta-se o procedimento para selecionar um sistema de projeção adequado a partir dos dados dos registros escanerizados. Foi realizada uma análise estatística para identificar a natureza dos dados, bem como um sistema de classificação para identificar a projeção mais adequada. A pesquisa sobre a projeção cartográfica é importante quando se realiza o processamento digital de um grande numero de registros de terra em um determinado pais. O método descrito é efetivo na identificação de uma sistema de projeçao.
Drought causes insufficient soil moisture and crop water balance damage. One of the most commonly used indicators in drought monitoring is the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). In this study, the performance of the SPEI at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month timescales was compared and analyzed from temporal and spatial variations at 12 meteorological stations in the Barmer arid region from 1979 to 2013. To determine the significance of drought characteristic trends, the modified Mann-Kendall (M-K) test is used. The results revealed that as the timescale increased, the temporal variations in the SPEI became more consistent. The M-K test revealed that the SPEI showed decreasing trends at 1 and 3 months, but increasing trends at 6, 9, and 12 months. The findings of this study are instructive and practical for drought assessment, risk management, and decision-making.
The knowledge about integrated and online learning to the educators and administrators needs to be elaborated to have a reliable education system. Online learning and integrated learning can be combined to provide a conglomerate effect on learning. The online system can be adapted to computer-based courses, and an integrated system can be adapted for engineering, arts, and science courses. Socioeconomic conditions are beyond control, but it is the basic criteria for human living. Teaching via the internet is remote learning where the learner will be learning at a convenient time and pace. Digital teaching and learning material preparation and creation of the digital library are discussed. The topics related to online learning such as hybrid courses, international reach, psychological counselling, online abhorrence, online threats, augmented and virtual reality, supporting infrastructure with training, assessment, administer roles, and adaptability are elaborated.
This chapter aims to develop landslide susceptibility maps for the Sikkim state in India by combining the analytical hierarchy process, geographic information systems, and remote sensing. The delineation of the landslide susceptibility maps has taken into consideration a variety of data such as density of lineament, slope, lithology, aspect, land cover and land use, road buffer, rainfall, and drainage density. Using both Landsat 8 and ground data in a GIS framework, spatial distribution of maps and map layers of required themes were produced. The appropriate weights based on the Saaty's scale were given to these thematic layers in accordance with their respective significance in the occurrence of landslides in the study area. According to the study area's demarcated landslide susceptibility map, the risk levels were very low (12.52%), low (21.12%), moderate (8.05%), high (31.13%), and very high (27.18%). The accuracy of the study region is computed using the AUC curve using the AHP model landslide map and inventory map, which shows good result with 70% accuracy.
Meticulous knowledge of evapotranspiration is vital for managing water resources. In this study, we used Landsat 8 to assess and evaluate four remote sensing-based energy balance models: SEBAL, SSEB, TSEB, and S-SEBI to predict evapotranspiration (ET) for seasonal crops in the desert environment. All models performed well in the prediction of spatial-temporal variation of ET. The actual ET of crops for different days of the year has been calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation and crop coefficients. The ET estimated for Kharif crops is higher than the Rabi crops. With different land cover, NDVI, and land surface temperature, the change of ET and transpiration is analysed. The seasonal transpiration is estimated using the trapezoidal and Gaussian fitting method. SSEB resulted in higher accuracy for Kharif crops, similarly TSEB model for Rabi crops. The spatiotemporal extent knowledge of ET can assist reservoir managers in allocating water for agriculture and other uses.
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