The effects of long-lasting high concentration coffee and caffeine diets on calcium mobilization in rat hippocampal neurons were studied. Changes in the basal calcium level in the hippocampal neurons of control and experimental rats kept on a coffee or caffeine diet were measured. We also recorded the changes in the Ca2+ transients’ amplitude evoked by membrane depolarization or emptying the Ca2+ depot of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induced by caffeine activator of the ryanodine receptors. In rats on a coffee or caffeine diet, the basal Ca2+ level was increased by 7.4% and 11%, respectively, compared to control animals. In these groups, the amplitude of Ca2+ transients increased by 70% and 90%, respectively, of the basal level in response to the membrane depolarization. In the same groups, the amount of Ca2+ released from the ER was increased by two and three times, respectively, compared to the control after activation of ryanodine receptors. We concluded that long-term coffee and caffeine diets in rats cause a significant disruption of the hippocampal neurons’ endoplasmic reticulum function. The diets evoke an increase in Ca2+ concentration in the neurons and an excessive release of Ca2+ in response to excitation. The latter can lead to increased excitability of neurons and their further death from excessive Ca2+ levels.
The purpose of the study was to determine and substantiate the feasibility of examination methods in patients with рain in the knee joint at the arthralgia stage for further development of the pathogenetically sound physical therapy program. Materials and methods. The study involved persons who had complaints of pain in the knee with a preliminary diagnosis: knee functional arthralgia of the joint (n = 32, 65.6% – women; age (M±SE) – 55.1±2.7 years; frequency of lesion of the right knee joint was 57.1%, the average term of the functional breakdown of the knee joint is 2-2.5 months). The paper uses the tools that provided for the collection of anamnesis (questioning, definition of body mass index), the evaluation of the function and the level of activity of the knee joint (Lovett test, Lysholm scale) and various human quality parameters (WOMAC's questionnaire and EuroQol-5D questionnaire). Results and discussion. The article analyzed the data of modern research methods in patients with functional pain in the knee joint. To establish a connection between the pain in the knee and functional arthralgia, a questionnaire was carried out and anamnesis of patients was analyzed. This allowed to identify the following: the vast majority of persons (65.6%) was represented by women who had complaints of pain in the knee joint; 93.75% still experienced pain in the knee, and 62.5% of patients felt stiffness in the knee joint. In 45% of people pain influenced their daily life, and 36% limited their physical activity. It should also be noted that the frequency of lesions of the right knee joint was 57.1%. When carrying out manual muscle testing, Lovett and Lysholm scales were used, which made it possible to determine the level of functional activity of the knee joint at the arthralgia stage: manual muscle testing flexors was 3.01±0.02 points, and manual muscle testing extensors corresponded to 2.65±0.015 points. Measurement of the circle of the knee joints showed that the right will be somewhat wider than the left with the indicators of 38.2±1.5 cm and 37.8±0.7 cm respectively. This confirmed a decrease in muscle strength, especially the muscles of the knee. In 76% of the examined women, the state of the knee joint function was on the verge of "satisfactory" and "unsatisfactory". This can be explained by the fact that the prevalence of arthralgia seems to increase in women with a menopausal transition and is considered a result of a decrease in estrogen, an increase in body mass index, etc. Conclusion. WOMAC and EuroQol-5D tests made it possible to estimate the dynamics of the development of pain and the level of discomfort of patients with pain in the knee joint. It has been found that the steadiest is pain in women (61±5.1 points), and functional failure in men (49±3.6 points). Thus, the pain in the knee in functional arthralgia adversely affects both the main spheres of human life, and reduces the quality of life in general. The results of functional performance tests indicate a violation of the balance and the ability to walk, which is due to the detection of different lengths of the muscles, the weakness of the thigh muscles and the disposition of the extraction. The methods of research proposed by the authors allow to comprehensively assess the functional state of the patient at the arthralgia stage in the knee area, which is a predictor to the next stage of the study, namely planning an integrated individual rehabilitation program. The use of a comprehensive approach in the examination of patients can give a physical therapist a more substantiated approach to the introduction of treatment products, which will more effectively affect the elimination of the primary cause of the formation of pain syndrome and prevent the further development of pathological processes in the structures constituting the knee joint
The purpose of the study was to search for and analyze data from modern sources of information on the features of the occurrence and manifestations of pain in the knee joint and approaches to treatment. Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis and generalization of modern scientific and methodological literature of domestic and foreign authors according to the Internet and Google Scholar service on the peculiarities of arthralgia of the knee joint and concomitant manifestations of this disorder (back pain, posture, etc.). Results and discussion. The article analyzed modern views on the occurrence and development of the process of pain syndrome in the knee joint. Sources on request in the Google Scholar service were analyzed, where the overwhelming majority of publications are described by pain slander and approaches to its treatment after the occurrence of anatomical changes in the structures of bone and soft-wound structures or after surgical interventions. Thus, the prevailing approach is the purpose of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with chondroprotectors. According to the authors of the article, this approach to the treatment of pain in the area of the knee joint does not take into account one of the main components of the occurrence of arthralgia – muscle imbalance, both at the local level of the lower extremities and muscular-fascial chains. According to the theory of muscular chains, the dislocation of bones forming the knee joint leads to uneven loading of the femoral and tibial bones to the metaphizar deposits, which leads to a circulatory disorder and further leads to degenerative-dystrophic diseases. Understanding this component of pathogenesis can give a specialist in physical therapy and ergotherapy a more informed approach to the development of balanced treatment tactics aimed at eliminating the primary causes of pain syndrome. Conclusion. Pain in the knee joint can be caused not only by degenerative-dystrophic changes in the bones, but also can be associated with muscle imbalance of the posterior surface line. The development of a rehabilitation program for knee pain should include not only the use of local remedies, but also take into account the impact on the relevant reflex areas in the spine. Emerging degenerative-dystrophic processes in the bones that are part of the structure of the knee joint can be caused by their dislocation due to muscle imbalance. Uncontrolled and unauthorized use of analgesics by patients with knee pain can smooth the clinical picture and reduce the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures
The purpose of the study was to identify the patterns of changes in the state of the parenchyma of the pancreas in patients with complicated forms of chronic pancreatitis with evaluation of the diagnostic effectiveness of shear wave elastometry (graphy). Materials and methods. For the period from 2006 to 2018 58 patients with complicated forms of chronic pancreatitis were examined. The average age of patients is (47.1±3.2) years old. The medical history ranged from 3 to 15 years. The basis of morphological studies were biopsies of the pancreas obtained during surgery. Ultrasound elastometry and pancreatic parenchymal elastography were performed by transcutaneous shear wave approach in Shear Wave Elastography. Software consistency was assessed by the nature of the color mapping. Results and discussion. The morphometry of the volume parts of the structural components of the pancreas showed that with the development of complicated chronic pancreatitis there is an increase in the area of fibrous tissue and a decrease in the area of acinar components. The proof of this is the strong inverse relationship between the degree of fibrosis and the volume fraction of acinar tissue (r= -0.83; р <0.05), as well as the direct relationship between the degree of fibrosis and the volume fraction of connective tissue (r=0.61; р <0.05). If at a fibrosis of the III degree acinar tissue occupied (25.39±2.01)%, connective – (64.33±3.85)%, fatty – (6.42±4.48)%, at a fibrosis of the IV degree noted the following: the proportion of acinar tissue was only (2.86±0.76)%, connective – (74.11±4.17)%, and (20.14±4.29)% was adipose tissue. Such manifestations indicated severe irreversible changes in the external secretory function of the pancreas. When assessing changes in the stiffness of the pancreatic parenchyma with the deepening of fibrosis processes and data from transcutaneous shear wave elastography, it was found that the degree of fibrosis according to morphological data correlated with the degree of fibrosis according to shear wave elastography, r = 0.71; p <0.05. The following patterns were noted. Grade II pancreatic fibrosis was characterized by intralobular fibrosis, which covered 26-50% of the gland area, which corresponded to the shear wave elastography data in green-blue color (5.98-7.05 kPa). Grade III pancreatic fibrosis corresponded to intralobular fibrosis, which covered 51-75% of the gland area in shear wave elastography in green-yellow color (7.06-9.06 kPa). Grade IV pancreatic fibrosis was characterized by intralobular fibrosis, which covered 76-100% of the gland area, which corresponded to shear wave elastography data in yellow-red color (> 9.07 kPa). Conclusion. Thus, the objectification of shear wave elastography indicators of the pancreas based on the correlation of histological evaluation and morphometric indicators of structural changes in the pathological process allows to consider transcutaneous shear wave elastography as a promising and reliable method of non-invasive diagnosis of fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis
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